VIII Table of Contents Radiographic Examination of the Patient in the Dental Office 3 Examination Strategy and Active Protection Against Radiation Exposure 4 Examination Strategies Panoramic Radiography for Basic Information and Supplemental Examination Using Special Radiographs 9 Technique for Panoramic Radiography 47 The Bite-Wing Radiograph 10 Technique for Panoramic Radiography 50 Examples of Diagnosis Using Bite-Wings 12 Positioning of the Patient in the Apparatus 14 Increased Radiographic Quality through Positioning 51 Apical and Periodontal Radiographic Technique According to Indication 52 Radiographic Surveys for Patients of Various Ages 17 Typical Incorrect Positioning 53 Apical and Periodontal Survey in Adults 18 Incorrect Positioning 54 Maxilla 19 Positioning in the Mixed Dentition Stage 58 Mandible 20 Positioning to Visualize Periodontal Destruction 62 Third Molars 21 Positioning of the Tongue 22 Depiction of the Alveolar Ridges 63 Radiographic Technique with the Occlusal Film 23 "Zonarc," A Special Instrument for Clinics 64 Intraoral 24 Special Radiographs Using the Cephalometric Attachment 68 Extraoral 25 Radiographic Anatomy in the Panoramic Radiograph 69 Radiographic Anatomy in Periapical and Occlusal 26 Survey of the Anatomic Structures Visible in a Radiographs Panoramic Radiograph 70 Radiographic Anatomy During Tooth Development 27 Ventral Portion of the Facial Skeleton 71 Radiographic Anatomy of Special Regions 28 Ventral Portion of the Facial Skeleton in the Maxilla 71 Maxillary Anterior Region 29 Variations in the Maxillary Sinus 72 Maxillary Canine Region 30 Retromaxillary Space 73 Maxillary Premolar Region 31 External Ear and Temporomandibular Joint Region 75 Maxillary Molar Region 32 Palatal Bone in the Shadow of the Coronoid Process 76 Mandibular Anterior Region 33 Tuberosity Region and the Cervical Vertebrae 77 Mandibular Canine Region 34 Chin Region 78 Mandibular Premolar Region 36 Chin Region and the Body of the Mandible 80 Mandibular Molar Region 37 Mandibular Canal, Mandibular Rami and the Cervical 82 Radiographic Anatomy in Occlusal Radiographs Vertebrae 38 Mandibular Canal and Retromolar Structures 83 Localization Using Various Methods 39 Hyoid Bone and Cervical Region 86 Panoramic Radiography as an Aid in Localization 40 Hyoid Bone and Subtraction Effect from the Base of 87 Special Localization Problems the Skull 87 Buccally Impacted Mandibular Canine 41 Angle of the Mandible and the Styloid Process 88 Ectopically Positioned Anterior Teeth 42 Examination of Children and Adolescents Using the 89 Apically Displaced Maxillary Third Molars Panoramic Radiograph 90 Axially Presented Maxillary Third Molars 45 Diagram of Formation and Eruption of the Deciduous Teeth 46 Diagram of Formation and Eruption of the Permanent Teeth Table of Contents IX 91 Errors in Technique That Reduce Radiograph Quality 110 Conventional Skull Films 92 Tips for Preparation of Good Panoramic Radiographs 110 First Standard Projection: Posteroanterior 92 Before Positioning the Patient in the Apparatus Cephalometric Skull Projection 93 With the Patient in the Apparatus 111 Second Standard Projection: Lateral Cephalometric 94 Tips for Preparation of Good Radiographs Skull Projection 94 Before Exposing the Film 112 Special Construction of a High Capacity 95 Immediately Before Exposure Cephalometric Instrument 96 Summary of Basic Rules for Preparation of High Quality 113 Third Standard Projection: Full Axial Projection Radiographs of the Skull 97 Common Errors During Preparation of Periapical 114 Lateral Oblique Projection of the Mandible Radiographs 115 Special Positioning for the Lateral Oblique Projection 102 Common Errors During Preparation of Occlusal of Mandible Radiographs 116 Zygoma/Cheek Tangential Skull Projections 117 Mandibular Posteroanterior Skull Radiograph 103 Processing Technique and Errors Leading to Poor (Reverse Towne) Quality Radiographs 118 Waters' Projection Radiograph 104 Tips for Error-Free Processing 119 Supplemental Examination of the Maxillary Sinus with 105 Tips for Error-Free Development Additional Methods 106 Tips for Error-Free Fixation 120 Transcranial Projection: "The Modified Schuller 107 Optimum Radiograph TMJ Film, Open and Closed" 108 Reducing Overdeveloped Radiographs 121 Tomography: Supplemental Examination of the Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) 109 Supplemental Examinations Using Conventional and 122 Computed Tomography (CT) Modern Imaging Techniques 124 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Selected Examples of Dental Radiographic Diagnosis 127 Anomalies of Dental Development and the Teeth 154 Sclerosing Osteomyelitis and Inflammatory Reactive 128 Congenially Missing Teeth, Retention and Inclusion Osteosis 129 Retention, Malocclusion and Resorption 155 Osteomyelitis in Infants and Children 130 Retention of Supernumerary Teeth, Resorption of 156 Acute Osteomyelitis Retained Teeth 157 Secondary Chronic Osteomyelitis 131 Retained Teeth in Special Locations 158 Primary Chronic Osteomyelitis, Osteoradionecrosis 132 Retained and Ankylosed Teeth 133 Mesiodens, Gemination, Taurodontism and Dens in dente 159 Dentogenic Sinus Disorders 134 Hypercementosis and Enamel Pearls 160 Panoramic Radiography of Dentogenic Sinus Pathology 135 Amelogenesis Imperfecta 162 Additional Signs of Dentogenic Infection 136 Dentinogenesis Imperfecta 163 Incidental Findings and the Significance of the 137 Additional Dental Dysplasias Waters' Projection 138 Posterior Open Bite with Macroglossia and "Idiopathic 164 Acute Unilateral Dentogenic Sinusitis Root Resorption" 165 Schematic View of Sinus Diagnosis in Waters' Projection Radiographs 139 Concrements, Calcifications, Ossifications 167 Acute and Chronic Maxillary Sinusitis 168 Computed Tomography for Supplemental Diagnosis 147 Regressive Changes in Teeth and Jaws 170 Foreign Bodies, Root Fragments and Surgical Defects 151 Inflammation of the Jaws and Osteoradionecrosis 171 Temporomandibular Joint Disturbances 152 Acute and Chronic Apical Periodontitis 172 Examination of the Masticatory Organ Using the 153 Diffuse Sclerosing Osteomyelitis in Chronic Apical and Panoramic Radiograph Marginal Periodontitis 173 Temporomandibular Joint Pain with Malocclusion X Table of Contents 174 Film Tomography of the Temporomandibular Joint 223 Chondroma 176 Computed Tomography of the Temporomandibular Joint 224 Osteochondroma with Direct Lateral Projection 226 Desmoplastic Fibroma 177 Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Temporomandibular 227 Ossifying Fibroma Joint 228 Fibrous Dysplasia (Jaffe-Lichtenstein) 178 Hypoplasia and Exostosis of the Condyles 230 Fibrous Dysplasia and Cherubism 179 Hyperplasia and Osteochondral Exostoses 231 Osteoid Osteoma, Osteoblastoma 180 Inflammatory and Degenerative Changes 232 Osteoma 234 Exostoses and Enostoses 181 Cysts and Pseudocysts 236 Hyperostoses and Hypertrophies 182 Classification 237 Osteoporosis and Atrophy 183 Odontogenic Cysts 238 Bone Marrow Islands and Incorrect Interpretations 183 Radicular Cyst 239 Osteogenesis Imperfecta and Osteopetrosis 184 Radicular Cyst in the Mandible 240 Osteitis Deformans (Paget's Disease of Bone) 185 Radicular Residual Cyst in the Mandible 241 Hemangioma 186 Radicular Cyst in the Maxilla 242 Sarcoma 187 Follicular Cyst 244 Carcinogenic Infiltration 190 Atypically Localized Follicular Cysts 245 Mucoepidermoid Tumor 191 Nonodontogenic Cysts 246 Metastasis 194 Pseudocysts 247 Traumatology 197 Odontogenic Tumors and Pseudotumors 249 Radiographic Signs of Subluxation 200 Ameloblastoma 251 Radiographic Signs of Tooth Fracture 202 Ameloblastic Fibroma 252 Radiographic Signs of Mandibular Fracture 203 Odontogenic Myxoma 254 Mandibular Fracture During Mixed Dentition 205 Cementoma 205 Periapical Cemental Dysplasia 255 Foreign Bodies and Postoperative Conditions 207 Cementoblastoma 256 Various Therapeutic Materials Seen in the Radiograph 209 Cementoblastoma, Cementum-forming Fibroma 257 Trauma, Osteosynthesis Material and Implants 210 Odontoma 258 Deposition of Filling Materials 210 Complex Odontoma 259 Radiography of Root Fragments 211 Transition Forms 260 Tooth Extraction and Root Fragments 212 Compound Odontoma and Fibro-odontoma 261 Fractured Bone and Sequestra 262 Success and Failure with Root Tip Resection 213 Nonodontogenic Tumors and Pseudotumors (Apicoectomy) 213 Benign Lesions 218 Malignant Lesions 263 References 220 Central Reparative Giant Cell Granuloma 221 Peripheral Reparative Giant Cell Granuloma 265 Index 222 Histiocytosis X