CUMULATIVE INDEX 1996 Volume 12 February CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE IN THE ELDERLY, pages 1-236 May CARE OF THE TERMINALLY ILL PATIENT, pages 237-433 August PAIN MANAGEMENT, pages 435-633 November GAIT AND BALANCE DISORDERS, pages 635-902 Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type Abdominal pain, as reason for physician Alarm systems, for fall prevention, in nurs- visit, 445 ing home, 897 Academy of Hospice Physicians, 263 Allodynia, with nerve injury, 503 Acceptance, in dying process, 361 Alpha, agonists, for neuropathic pain, 512 Accidental falls, in nursing home, 885-886 Alpha blockers, for left ventricular hyper- Acetaminophen, for cancer pain, 287-288 trophy, 64 Active euthanasia, definition of, 624 Alzheimer’s disease. See Cognitive impair- moral issues of, 625-626 ment; Dementia. near end of life, 373-374 Ambularm, for fall prevention, in nursing patient requests for, 624-625 home, 897 with pain, 623-626 Ambulatory electrocardiography, in inyo- Acupuncture, for pain management, in ter- cardial infarction diagnosis, 93-97 minal care, 303-304 Amitriptyline, adjuvant, for cancer pain, Acute myocardial infarction, therapy for, 295 141-168. See also Myocardial infarc- for neuropathic pain, 508 tion. Amsler grid, for central visual field evalua- Adenosine, for pharmacologic stress test- tion, 813-814 ing, 113 Analgesics, administration of, routes for, Advance directives, in end of life decision 495 making, 372-373 for neuropathic and sympathetically Aerobic capacity, changes with aging, 81 maintained pain, 501-515 Aerobic conditioning, interventions and for postoperative pain management, 586— outcomes with, 770-771 594 studies of, 769-772 narcotics, 588-594 in healthy elders, 769-772 nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, in impaired elders, 771-772 586-588 Aerobic exercise, recommendations for, 216 opioid, in elderly, 489-500. See also Age(ing), decline in fitness with, 210-211 Opioid(s). decline in function with, 209-210 pain clinic use of, 567 effect on exercise capacity, 102 Anesthetic procedures, for back pain man- effect on maximal heart rate, 102-103 agement, 522-523 effects on biomechanics and physiology Anger, in dying process, 360 of gait, 659-678 Angina, as reason for physician visit, 444 hypertension and, common features of, in coronary artery disease, 89-91, 121- 45 140 normal, pain in, 461-462 stable, drug treatment of, 132-134 physiologic decline with, and cardiac unstable, coronary angiography for, 136 disease, 208-211 management of, 134-137 Agonists, opioid, 490, 492-495. See also pathogenesis of, 134 Opioid(s). with hypertension, 47 904 CUMULATIVE INDEX Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in- Aspirin, after acute myocardial infarction, hibitors, after acute myocardial in- 174 farction, 172-174 for acute myocardial infarction, 143-144 for acute myocardial infarction, 150-151 for coronary heart disease prevention, in for atherosclerotic lesions, 14 diabetes mellitus, 75 for hypertension, 49 Assisted suicide, with pain, 623-626. See for hypertension prevention, 51-52 also Suicide. for left ventricular hypertrophy, 64 Atenolol, for acute myocardial infarction, Anisoylated plasminogen streptokinase ac- mortality in, 144 tivator complex (APSAC), for acute Atherosclerosis, and diabetes mellitus, as myocardial infarction, 147-148 cardiovascular disease risk factors, Ankle, gait kinetics of, 672 70-71 kinematics of, 667—668, 670 lesions of, future approaches to, 13-15 Antiadrenergic drugs, peripherally acting, initiation of, 1-2 for hypertension prevention, 52 morphology of, 4 Antiarrhythmic agents, for acute myocar- progression of, 2-11 dial infarction, 151-152 plaque rupture and occlusive throm- Anticholinergics, for dyspnea, in terminal bus formation, 7-10 illness, 318 rapid thrombus-mediated, 7 Anticoagulant(s), after acute myocardial in- slow, 3-5 farction, 174-175 stable collagen-rich plaque forma- for acute myocardial infarction, 149 tion, 11 for unstable angina, 136 unstable lipid-rich plaque formation, Anticonvulsants, adjuvant, for cancer pain, 5-7 294-296 regression of, 13-15 for neuropathic pain, 510 thrombogenic factors in, local, 8-9 Antidepressants, adjuvant, for cancer pain, degree of plaque disruption, 8 294-296 degree of stenosis, 8-9 and falls, 850-851 residual thrombus, 9 for neuropathic pain, 507-510 surface roughness, 9 in terminal illness, for anxiety, 332 tissue substrate, 8 for depression, 334 systemic, 9-10 Antiemetics, dosages of, in terminal illness, cholesterol levels, 9-10 316 enhanced coagulation activity, 10 Antihypertensive treatment, and falls, 851- enhanced platelet activity, 10 852 high catecholamine levels, 9 benefit in very old, 48 high Factor VII levels, 10 in primary and secondary prevention, high fibrinogen levels, 10 50-53 impaired fibrinolysis, 10 Antiviral agents, for neuropathic pain, 512- lipoprotein(a) levels, 9-10 513 metabolic state, 9-10 Anxiety, in terminal illness, 330-333 vulnerability to rupture, 6-7 Anxiolytic medications, for terminally ill Attention-diversion techniques, in pain patients, 331 management, 466 Arm movements, compensatory, control of, Attention span, with aging, 467 649-653 Autonomy, cultural differences concerning, Aromatherapy, for pain management, in 399-400 terminal care, 306-307 cultural perspectives on, 397-399 Arrhythmia(s), in acute myocardial infarc- in pain management, 621 tion, management of, 155-156 in coronary artery disease, 89-91 in myocardial infarction diagnosis, 94 Back pain, as reason for physician visit, 443 in myocardial infarction prediction, 94, 95 Baclofen, for neuropathic pain, 512 Arterial compliance, decreased, in hyper- Balance. See also Gait. tension, 44—46 control of, during gait and volitional Arthralgia, as reason for physician visit, movement, 653-654 444 definition of, 706 Arthritis, and pain, in nursing home, 602 disorders of, in Parkinson’s disease, 825- and risk of fall, treatment of, 755 845 as reason for physician visit, 444 clinical manifestations of, 825-827 CUMULATIVE INDEX 905 laboratory studies of, 828-838 sympathomimetic properties of, 129 functional assessment of, 705-723 types of, 127 evaluation framework for, 719-720 for atherosclerotic lesions, 14 existing measures for, 710-718 for hypertension, 49 practicality of, 710 for hypertension prevention, 50 properties and potential uses of, 717- for left ventricular hypertrophy, 63 718 for unstable angina, 136 rationale for, 706-708 with calcium channel blocker, for stable reliability and validity of, 708-709 angina, 133 responsiveness of, 709-710 with nitroglycerin, for stable angina, 133 in gait, 662-664 Bile acid sequestrants, as lipid-lowering interventions and outcomes with, in agents, 37 healthy elders, 774 Bioethics, in pain management, 619-621 problems with, and risk of fall, treatment Blind spot, paracentral, effect of, 807 of, 755 Blood pressure, effect of physical activity studies of, 772-773 on, 80 Balance function, assessment of, in dizzi- Body, disposal of, customs related to, 396- ness, 797 397 Balance Scale, for functional balance and Body composition, decline with aging, 210 gait measures, 717 Body fat distribution, effect of physical ac- reliability of, 711-712 tivity on, 80 responsiveness of, 712 Body weight, effect of physical activity on, validity of, 713 80 Bargaining, in dying process, 360-361 Bone pain, adjuvant treatment for, 296 Base of support, definition of, 636 Bowel obstruction, in terminal illness, clini- Bedcheck, for fall prevention, in nursing cal features of, 323 home, 897 management of, 322-324 Behavior, as evidence of pain, in cogni- Bowel regimens, for constipation, in termi- tively impaired persons, 484 nal illness, 321 Behavior modification, for pain manage- Bradykinesia, in Parkinson’s disease, 834 ment, in terminal care, 305-307 Breathing pattern change, in impending aromatherapy, 306-307 death, 364 guided imagery, 305-306 Buprenorphine, for postoperative pain Behavioral-cognitive techniques, in pain management, 589 management, 464—466 Bupropion, for depression, in terminal ill- Beneficence, in pain management, 621 ness, 338 Benzodiazepine(s), and falls, 850-851 Bursitis, as reason for physician visit, 445 in terminal illness, for anxiety, 330-332 for depression, 340 for dyspnea, 318 Calcium channel blocker(s), after acute myocardial infarction, 171-172 Bereavement care, in terminal illness, 273— for acute myocardial infarction, 150 277 age-appropriate models and interac- for angina, 130-132 for hypertension, 49 tional styles, 276-277 intervention in abnormal grief process, for hypertension prevention, 50-51 for left ventricular hypertrophy, 64 276 with long-acting nitrate, for stable an- progress of grief process, 274-276 use of medications, 274 gina, 133 validate and normalize feelings, 274 Cancer pain, analgesics for, 285-296 Best interests, definition of, 377 non-opioids, 285-287 Beta blocker(s), after acute myocardial in- acetaminophen, 287-288 farction, 169-171 dosing of, 287 for acute myocardial infarction, 144-146 nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory contraindications to, 146 drugs, 285-287 mortality in, 144-145 tramadol, 288 for angina, 127-130 opioids, 288-292. See also Opioids. adverse reactions to, 129-130 assessment of, 283-284 antiarrhythmic properties of, 129 causes of, 283 lipid solubility of, 127, 129 in nursing home, 602 pharmacology of, 128 incidence and impact of, 280-281 906 =CUMULATIVE INDEX Cancer pain (continued) Central nervous system depressants, for management of, ethical issues in, 617 neuropathic pain, 506-507 initial strategies for, 611 Central pain, 505 pharmacologic management of, 284-285 Cerebrovascular disease, postural control treatment of, 280 and gait assessment in, 735 types of, 283-285 Cervical dizziness, 792 undertreatment of, factors contributing Chest pain, in myocardial infarction, 92 to, 282 Chlorpromazine, for anxiety, in terminal Capacity, definition of, 377 illness, 332 Capsaicin, adjuvant, for cancer pain, 295 Cholesterol, elevated, and coronary disease for neuropathic pain, 511 risk, 35 Captopril, after acute myocardial infarc- levels in atherosclerotic thrombogenesis, tion, 172 9-10 Carbamazepine, adjuvant, for cancer pain, lowering of, and cardiovascular disease 295 prevention, 36 Cardiac disease, exercise training for, out- special considerations in elderly, 36-38 comes of, 223-226 Clonidine, for neuropathic pain, 512 physiologic decline with aging and, 208- Coagulation activity, enhanced, in athero- 211 sclerotic thrombogenesis, 10 Cardiac events, major, with left ventricular Codeine, as opioid agonist, 492-493 hypertrophy, 61-62 for cancer pain, 291 Cardiac rehabilitation, exercise training Cognitive-behavioral therapies, in pain and, goal of, 213 management, 465-466, 523-524 guidelines for, 221-224 Cognitive changes, with aging, implica- Cardiogenic shock, in acute myocardial in- tions for treatment, 469 farction, management of, 157-158 Cognitive impairment, and falls, in nursing Cardiomyopathy, diabetic, 74 home, 886 Cardiorespiratory endurance, decline with and inadequate pain management, 585 aging, 210 and risk of fall, treatment of, 755 Cardiovascular changes, with exercise as barrier to pain assessment, 610 training, 211-212 in late life, epidemiology of, 474-475 Cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia and, in terminal illness, 340-344 33 increase with aging, 474 prevention of, cholesterol lowering and, pain with, 473-487 36 Cognitive status, in nursing home popula- risk of, factors in, 70-71 tion, 476 lipoprotein disorders as predictors of, Cognitive therapy, in pain management, 34-35 465-466, 523-524 Cardiovascular function, assessment of, in Cold, as pain inducer, effects of, 439 dizziness, 796 Collateral circulation, role of, in coronary physiologic decline with aging, 208-209 plaque evolution, 12-13 Caregiver, concerns about home pain man- Communications, unusual, with impending agement, 538 death, 365 involvement in pain management, 531- Community settings, supportive, creation 547 of, for falls prevention, 874-875 nonfamilial, involvement of, 541 Competence, definition of, 377 pain experience of, 537 Comprehensive care, in terminal illness, roles of, in nondrug pain relief, 538-539 270-277. See also Terminal illness. in pain management, 536-538 Compression fracture, pain syndrome in, Catecholamines, high levels of, in athero- 525-526 sclerotic thrombogenesis, 9 Conduction disturbances, in acute myocar- Causalgia, with traumatic nerve injury, dial infarction, management of, 155- 503-504 156 Celiac plexus block, for pain, 553-555 Confrontation tests, for visual field evalua- Center of mass, definition of, 636 tion, 813 displacement of, plots of, 662 Congestion, in impending death, 364 Center of pressure, changes with aging, Congestive heart failure, in acute myocar- technology-based assessment of, 729 dial infarction, management of, 153- definition of, 636 154 CUMULATIVE INDEX 907 Constipation, in terminal illness, causes of, dyslipidemia and, 33-40. See also Dysli- 320 pidemia. management of, 319-321 exercise training for, 207-229. See also with opioids, 497 Exercise training. Contrast, calculation of, 807 hypertension and, 41-56. See also Hyper- sensitivity to, and mobility, 806-811 tension. calculation of, 809 mortality with increasing age, 34 curve of, 809 pathophysiology of, 1-21 normal vs abnormal, 811 physical inactivity and, 79-88. See also loss of, 804 Physical activity. measurement chart for, 810 smoking and, 23-32. See also Smoking. Control, feedback, definition of, 636 stress testing for, 101-119. See also Stress feedforward, definition of, 636 testing. postural, 635-658. See also Postural con- with aging, 211 trol. Coronary perfusion, decreased, with left Coolness, in impending death, 363 ventricular hypertrophy, 59 Cordotomy, for pain management, in ter- Coronary plaques, evolution of, clinical minal care, 309 consequences of, 11-13 Coronary angioplasty, percutaneous tran- coronary syndromes, 11-12 sluminal, 181-194 role of vasospasm and collateral cir- bypass surgery vs, 185-187, 202-203 culation, 12-13 mortality rate, 186 Coronary syndromes, in coronary plaque patient selection, 188 evolution, 11-12 predictors of outcome, 186-187 Corticosteroids, adjuvant, for cancer pain, stroke and cognitive dysfunction, 295 186 in terminal illness, for bowel obstruction, characteristics of elderly receiving, 182 324 completeness of revascularization, for dyspnea, 318 184-185 Cost-effective hospice care, 417-428 for acute myocardial infarction, 152- Cough, in terminal illness, management of, 153, 187-188 318-319 for chronic coronary artery disease, Coumadin, after acute myocardial infarc- 181-185 tion, 174-175 goals of therapy with, 189 Cruciform anterior spinal hyperextension intracoronary stents in, 188 orthosis, for back pain management, long-term outcome after, 184 522, 525 predictors of poor early outcome, 183 Cryotherapy, in pain management, 521 procedural outcome of, 182-183 Cultural considerations, involving death Coronary artery bypass surgery, 195-205 and dying, 393-406 evidence of benefit of, 200-202 as barriers to effective palliative care, goals of treatment with, 196 412-414 hospital stay following, 199 “blind spots’, 399-401 indications for, 197-198 faux pas, 395 long-term survival following, 200-202 insensitivity, 395-397 percutaneous transluminal coronary an- misunderstandings, 397-399 gioplasty vs, 185-187, 202-203 strategies for, 402-405 perioperative morbidity and mortality with, 198-200 risk factors in, 199 Dark adaptation, and mobility, 811 Coronary artery (heart) disease, angina in, Deafferentiation pain, 505 management of, 121-140 Death, and dying, 359-368 drug therapy for, 122-132 perspectives on, 359-362 nitrates, 123-125 stages of, 360-361 general measures, 121-122 approach of, recognition of, 359-368 chronic, percutaneous transluminal coro- appropriate, 361-362 nary angioplasty for, 181-185 care for survivors, 367 clinical manifestations of, 89-100 cultural considerations of, 393-406 diabetes mellitus and, 69-78. See also Di- “blind spots’, 399-401 abetes mellitus. faux pas, 395 diagnosis of, 46, 89-100 insensitivity, 395-397 908 §=CUMULATIVE INDEX Death (continued ) Diltiazem, after acute myocardial infarc- misunderstanding, 397-399 tion, 171-172 strategies in, 402-405 and falls, 852 comfortable setting, 403 for angina, 132 cultural guides, 404-405 Dipyridamole, for pharmacologic stress eliciting cultural information, 404 testing, 113 patient-directed disclosure, 403-404 Disability, definition of, 762 recognition of one’s own cultural be- Disease, definition of, 762 liefs/biases, 403-404 Disorientation, in impending death, 363 technology and changes, 401 Distress, with pain, 464 epidemiology of, 255-256 Diuretics, and falls, 852 location of, 362 for hypertension prevention, 50 relevance of culture to, 393-394 for left ventricular hypertrophy, 63 Decision making, capacity for, establish- Dizziness, and falls, in nursing home, 885 ment of, 370-371 approach to patient with, 795-798 ethical, near end of life, 369-377 history, 795-796 advance directives, 372-373 physical examination, 795-796 futility, 374 psychological status assessment, 797 justice, 374-375 clinical classification of, 787-788 surrogate, 373 evaluation and management of, 785-801 therapeutic privilege in, 371-372 key syndromes of, 789-794 voluntary active euthanasia, 373-374 cervical, 792 Delirium, and inadequate pain manage- drug-induced, 793 ment, 585 labyrinthitis, 790 in terminal illness, 341 Meniere’s disease, 790 causes of, 342 multiple neurosensory impairments, medications for, 343 793-794 increase with aging, 469 physical deconditioning, 792-793 Dementia, epidemiology of, 474 positional vertigo, 789-790 increase with aging, 468 postural dizziness without postural syndrome of depression with, increase hypotension, 789 with aging, 468-469 psychologic factors, 794 transition to terminal care in, 354-355 recurrent vestibulopathy, 790 Denial, in dying process, 360 stroke, 791-792 Depression, and pain, in nursing home, vertebrobasilar transient ischemic at- 609-610 tacks, 791 dementia syndrome of, increase with ag- vestibular neuronitis, 790 ing, 468-469 management of, 798-799 in terminal illness, 333-340, 361 pathophysiology of, 788-789 with pain, 464 symptoms of, 786-788 Dextorphan, for neuropathic pain, 513 Dobutamine, for pharmacologic stress test- Dextroamphetamine, for depression, in ter- ing, 114 minal illness, 338 Dorsal column stimulation, for pain, 556- Diabetes mellitus, and coronary heart dis- 557 ease, 69-78 Dorsal rhizotomy, for pain management, in and coronary risk, 72-73 terminal care, 309 as cardiovascular disease risk factor, 70- Drop attacks, and falls, in nursing home, 71 886-887 atherogenesis in, 71 Drug(s), and falls, in nursing home, 887 glucose tolerance and, 69-70 Drug-induced dizziness, 793 management in elderly, 74-76 Duke Mobility Scale, 713 Diabetic cardiomyopathy, 74 for functional balance and gait measures, Diabetic retinopathy, contrast sensitivity 718 curve in, 811 Dying, cultural considerations of, 393-406 Diagnostic blocks, for pain diagnosis and “blind spots”, 399-401 treatment, 549-550 faux pas, 395 Diarrhea, in terminal illness, management insensitivity, 395-397 of, 321-322 misunderstanding, 397-399 Diazepam, and falls, 852 strategies in, 402-405. See also under Dihydropyridines, for angina, 131-132 Death. CUMULATIVE INDEX 909 technology and changes, 401 barriers to safety modifications, end-of-life opportunities with, 244-251 875-878 developmental model of, 247-249 use as instrument for change, 859-869 life review, 249-250 Environmental press, excess disability with, meaning and the transcendent, 250- 872 251 Equilibrium, dynamic, definition of, 636 epidemiology of, 255-256 impaired control of, in Parkinson’s dis- hospice approach to, 239-240, 254 ease, 836-837 mental and spiritual changes in, 364-365 Estrogen replacement, after acute myocar- patient care in, 253-265 dial infarction, 177-178 physical symptoms and, 362-364 for hypertension prevention, 52-53 predicting terminal diagnosis in, 261-262 Ethical decision making, near end of life, relevance of culture to, 393-394 369-377 Dynamic equilibrium, definition of, 636 Ethical issues, in pain management, 615- Dysequilibrium, clinical classification of, 628 786 Ethyl alcohol neurolysis, for pain, 555-556 definition of, 786 Euthanasia, definition of, 624 of aging, 788 moral issues of, 625-626 Dyslipidemia, after acute myocardial in- patient requests for, 624-625 farction, management of, 175-176 voluntary active, near end of life, 373-374 and coronary artery disease, 33-40 with pain, 623-626 Dyspnea, in coronary artery disease, 89-91 Excess disability, with environmental press, in myocardial infarction, 92 872 in terminal illness, management of, 316- Exercise, cardiovascular response to, 101- 318 103 Dysrhythmias, with left ventricular hyper- combined, interventions and outcomes trophy, 60-61 with, in healthy elders, 775-776 in impaired elders, 777 Echocardiographic exercise testing, 113 studies of, 773-779 in healthy elders, 773-779 Echocardiography, in myocardial infarction in impaired elders, 779 diagnosis, 97-98 for postural control and gait, technology- Electrical shock, as pain inducer, effects of, based assessment of, 736-737 439 injury during, incidence by age and ac- Electrocardiography, abnormalities with tivity, 219 hypertension, 47 interventions with, positive effects of, ambulatory, in myocardial infarction di- 780-781 agnosis, 93-97 pain clinic use of, 568-569 exercise, prognostic utility of, 105-109 progressive, for back pain management, resting, for myocardial infarction diagno- 522 sis, 92-93 Exercise testing, diagnostic value of, 103- Electrotherapy, pain clinic use of, 569 104 Emetic brain areas, characteristics of, 314 echocardiography, 113 Enalapril, after acute myocardial infarction, for myocardial infarction diagnosis, 93 173 radionuclide, diagnostic utility of, 109- Enalaprilat, after acute myocardial infarc- 110 tion, 172-173 prognostic utility of, 110-113 End of life, developmental tasks and land- Exercise training, and cardiac rehabilita- marks for, 248 tion, goal of, 213 ethical decision making near, 369-377 components of, 215, 218 opportunity at, nature of, 237-252 for coronary artery disease, 207-229 developmental model of, 247-249 guidelines for, 214 life review, 249-250 cardiac rehabilitation, 221-224 meaning and the transcendent, 250- healthy asymptomatic elderly, 218-221 251 healthy young and middle-aged, 214- Environment, and falls, in nursing home, 218 867, 869, 885-886 in cardiac disease, 215, 224 role in falls prevention, 859-880 in cardiac disease, outcomes of, 223-226 supportive, creation of, for falls preven- physiologic responses to, 225 tion, 874-878 prescription for, 214-226 910 CUMULATIVE INDEX Exercise training (continued) cohort studies of, 748 intensity, frequency, and duration of, importance as public health problem, 214-217 745-746 outcome of, 211-213 prevention of, 752-756 cardiovascular changes, 211-212 assessment and intervention, 753- health changes, 212-213 756 musculoskeletal changes, 212 physical performance tests, 754 progression of training stimulus, 217— primary, 753 218, 220 reduction of, multifactorial approach resistance, 220 to, 745-759 Exertion, perceived, Borg scales for, 216 research findings in, 751-752 Extremity weakness, and risk of fall, treat- risk factors for, 746-751 ment of, 755 characteristics of faller, 747 situational, 750 Facial expression, as evidence of pain, in treatment of, 755 medications and, 847-858. See also Medi- cognitively impaired persons, 483 cations. Factor VII levels, in atherosclerotic throm- bogenesis, 10 prevention of, creation of supportive en- vironment, 874-878 Fall(s), among community residents, envi- barriers to safety modifications, 875- ronmental factors in, 860, 865 878 conditions for, 638 affordability, 876 environmental risk factors in, circum- installation, 876-877 stances, 861-864 legal, 877-878 inadequate conceptualization, 870 psychologic, 875-876 measurement of, 871 recognizing need, 875 mechanisms of, 871 devices for, 896-899 frequent, in Parkinson’s disease, 827 history of, protective stepping and, 834— environmental press and, 872-873 in nursing home, 881-902 836 limitations of research on, 870-871 in nursing home, causes and risk factors role of environment in, 859-880 for, 883-888 diagnostic approach to, 888-891 risk of, center of pressure displacement and, 646-647 ambulatory cardiac monitor, 890- compensatory feet-in-place reactions 891 and, 650-651 circumstances, 889 compensatory stepping reactions and, gait and balance assessment, 890 652 laboratory evaluation, 890 technology-based assessment for, 736- mobility and independence, 890 737 symptoms, 889-890 sequence of actions in, 868 epidemiology of, 881-883 technology-based assessment of, 733 incidence of, 882 Fallers, in long-term care settings, 867 prevention of, 881-902 Family, definition of, 531-532 risk factors for, 884 impact of pain on, 533-534 therapy and prevention, 891-899 involvement in pain management, 531- environmental! assessment, 894-895 547 improving gait and balance impair- Family Pain Questionnaire, 540, 542-543 ments, 893 Feedback control, definition of, 636 managing polypharmacy /inappro- Feedforward control, definition of, 636 priate medications, 894 Feeding, trial of, failure of, 387 nursing interventions, 895-896 Feet-in-place reactions, compensatory, con- prevention devices and programs, trol of, 650-651 896-899 effects of aging on, 645-649 treating dizziness syndromes, 893 Femur, fracture of, as reason for physician treating postural hypotension, 893- visit, 446 894 Fentanyl, as opioid agonist, 493 treating weakness and impaired for postoperative pain management, 589 function, 892 transdermal, for cancer pain, 292 injurious, characteristics predicting frac- Fibrinogen levels, in atherosclerotic throm- ture, 750-751 bogenesis, 10 CUMULATIVE INDEX 911 FICSIT, balance measurement with, 713— diagnoses in, 693-694 714 differential diagnosis of, 689-703 for functional balance and gait measures, evaluation and treatment of, 696-700 718 in Parkinson’s disease, 825-845 study of falls in, findings in, 752 clinical manifestations of, 825-827 Field loss, and mobility, 812 laboratory studies of, 835-838 Filial piety, cultural differences concerning, in patients referred for neurologic 399-400 evaluation, 692-695 Financial barriers, to effective palliative rehabilitation for, 699 care of terminal patients, 411-412 self-reported, 691-692 Fitness, decline with aging, 210-211 senile, 695 Fluid decrease, in impending death, 363 sensorimotor levels in, 695-698 Fluoxetine, for depression, in terminal ill- efficiency of, young vs old, 675 ness, 336 energy transfers during, young vs old, Fluvoxamine, for depression, in terminal 675 illness, 336-337 functional assessment of, 690-691, 705- Food choices, in spoon feeding, 386 723 Food decrease, in impending death, 363 appropriate measures for, 708-710 Foot, compensatory movements of, control evaluation framework for, 719-720 of, 649-653 properties and potential uses of, 717- problems with, and risk of fall, treatment 718 of, 755 rationale for, 706-708 rotation of, kinematics of, 669 future work on, 676 Foot progression, kinematics of, 670 kinematics of, 665-671 Force plate, definition of, 636 kinetics of, 671-673 Fractures, with falls, cohort studies of, 748 maximal, young vs old, 674-675 risk factors for, 749 motor control and balance in, 662-664 Frail elderly, postoperative pain manage- musculoskeletal changes in, 664 ment in, 583-599 neurologic changes in, 662 analgesics for, 586-594 physiologic changes in, 661-662 assessment for, 586 physiology and biomechanics of, effects Frailty, definition of, 761 of age on, 659-678 Fresnel prisms, for hemianopic field de- kinematics, 665-671 fects, 819 problems with, and risk of fall, treatment Functional Ambulation Classification, of of, 755 gait disorders, 690 technology-based assessment of, chal- Functional impairment, and falls, in nurs- lenges facing, 739 ing home, 887-888 simple assessment vs, 737 Functional limitations, definition of, 762 techniques for, 725-744 Functional loss, relationship to physiologic use and misuse of, 737-739 loss, evidence for, 762-763 velocity and timed measures of, 664-665 Functional performance, exercise to im- Gait Abnormality Rating Scale, 691, 716 prove, 761-784 Gait cycle, definition of, 660 Functional Reach, for functional balance events of, 662 and gait measures, 717 terminology of, 660 Futility, definition of, 377 Gait speed, as measure of mobility, 714-715 in end of life decision making, 374 elements of, 715 for functional balance and gait measures, 718 Gait. See aiso Balance. functional assessment of, 690-691 changes with aging, 664-665 Gastric ulcer, as reason for physician visit, technology-based assessment of, 728- 445 734 Gastrostomy, complications of, 381 control of balance during, 653-654 Gemfibrozil, as lipid-lowering agent, 37 data on, young vs old, 674-675 Get Up and Go Test, of gait disorders, 690 definition of, 660-661, 707 Glucose tolerance, and diabetes mellitus, demands of, methods to increase, 728 69-70 disorders of, and falls, in nursing home, effect of physical activity on, 80 885 Goldman perimetry, for peripheral visual classification system for, 695-698 field evaluation, 814-815 912 CUMULATIVE INDEX Good-byes, with impending death, 365 evolution into twenty-first century, 419 Gout, as reason for physician visit, 445 goals of, 258 Grief, following death, 365-367 in terminal illness, 254, 270 abnormal, 366-367 interdisciplinary team for, 260-261 normal, manifestations of, 366 national and international organizations, signs and symptoms of, 275 263-264 Ground reaction forces, definition of, 636 need for in 1990s, 262-263 Group therapy, pain clinic use of, 570 philosophy of, 258-260 Guided imagery, for pain management, in predicting terminal diagnosis in, 261-262 terminal care, 305-306 services and structure of, 418-419 Hospice Association of America, 264 Hospital, as death setting, 362 Haloperidol, in terminal illness, for anxiety, Humerus, fracture of, as reason for physi- 332 cian visit, 446 for delirium, 342 Humphrey visual field test, 814-816 Head motion, and postural control, 647 Hydration, in terminal patient, 379-391 Headache, as reason for physician visit, 443 with nitrate therapy, 124 parenteral, sole use of, 387 Hydrocodone, as opioid agonist, 492-493 Health, changes with exercise training, for cancer pain, 291 212-213 Hydromorphone, as opioid agonist, 493 decline with aging, 211 for cancer pain, 291 Heart disease, ischemic, revascularization Hydroxyzine, for anxiety, in terminal ill- in, 203 ness, 332 transition to terminal care in, 353-354 Heart failure, congestive, in acute myocar- Hyperalgesia, with nerve injury, 503 Hyperglycemia, tight control of, 74 dial infarction, 153-154 Hypertension, after acute myocardial in- Heat, as pain inducer, effects of, 439 farction, management of, 176 Heat therapy, in pain management, 520 aging and, cardiac sequelae of, 46 Hemianopia, rehabilitative devices for, common features of, 45 817-820 and coronary artery disease, 41-56 Heparin, for unstable angina, 135 pathophysiologic relationships be- Heroin, for cancer pain, 290-291 Herpes zoster, as reason for physician visit, tween, 52 and diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular dis- 445 Heterocyclic antidepressants, for depres- ease risk with, 70-71 control of, in diabetes mellitus, 75 sion, in terminal illness, 338 diagnosis of, 46—47 Hip, effect on gait, 673-674 epidemiologic observations, 41-44 fractures of, interventions to decrease, long-term follow-up, 42-43 752 placebo-controlled therapeutic trials, with falls, risk factors for, 749 43-44 gait kinetics of, 672 essential, cardiac structural adaptation kinematics of, 667-670 to, 58 motion of, and postural control, 648 Hirudin, for unstable angina, 136 pathophysiology of, 44-46 cardiac sequelae of, 46 HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, as lipid- lowering agent, 37 decreased arterial compliance, 44-46 therapy for, 48-53 Holter monitoring, in myocardial infarction benefit vs hazard of, 48-49 diagnosis, 93-97 extent of, 48-49 Home, as death setting, 362 preferred drug for, 49 Hospice, 417—428 preventive, 50-53 approach to suffering by, 239-240 as death setting, 362 Hypotension, in acute myocardial infarc- tion, management of, 154-155 cost-benefit analysis of, 422 orthostatic, and falls, in nursing home, cost-effectiveness of, 421-425 National Hospice Study, 421-424 886 postural, postural dizziness without, 789 randomized trials, 424-425 studies of, 425 cost per week of, 423 Illumination, with visual field loss, 819-820 development of, 256-258, 417-418 Impairment, definition of, 762 economic principles of, 419-421 Incontinence, in impending death, 363