Circuit Design The Newnes Know It All Series PICMicrocontrollers: KnowItAll LucioDiJasio,TimWilmshurst,DoganIbrahim,JohnMorton,MartinBates,JackSmith,D.W.Smith,and ChuckHellebuyck ISBN:978-0-7506-8615-0 EmbeddedSoftware:KnowItAll JeanLabrosse,JackGanssle, TammyNoergaard,RobertOshana,ColinWalls,KeithCurtis, JasonAndrews, DavidJ.Katz,RickGentile, KamalHyder,and BobPerrin ISBN:978-0-7506-8583-2 EmbeddedHardware:KnowItAll JackGanssle, TammyNoergaard,FredEady,Lewin Edwards,DavidJ.Katz,RickGentile, KenArnold, Kamal Hyder,andBobPerrin ISBN:978-0-7506-8584-9 Wireless Networking:KnowItAll PraphulChandra,DanielM.Dobkin,AlanBensky,RonOlexa, DavidLide,andFaridDowla ISBN:978-0-7506-8582-5 RF&Wireless Technologies:KnowItAll BruceFette,RobertoAiello,PraphulChandra,DanielDobkin,AlanBensky,DouglasMiron,DavidLide, FaridDowla,andRonOlexa ISBN:978-0-7506-8581-8 ElectricalEngineering:Know ItAll Clive Maxfield,AlanBensky,JohnBird,W.Bolton, IzzatDarwazeh,WaltKester,M.A.Laughton, AndrewLeven,LuisMoura,RonSchmitt,KeithSueker,MikeTooley,DFWarne,Tim Williams ISBN:978-1-85617-528-9 AudioEngineering:KnowItAll DouglasSelf,RichardBrice,DonDavis,BenDuncan,JohnLinsleyHood,MorganJones,EugenePatronis, IanSinclair,AndrewSingmin,JohnWatkinson ISBN:978-1-85617-526-5 CircuitDesign: KnowItAll DarrenAshby,BonnieBaker,StuartBall,JohnCrowe,BarrieHayes-Gill, IanGrout,IanHickman, WaltKester,RonMancini,RobertA.Pease,MikeTooley,TimWilliams,PeterWilson,BobZeidman ISBN:978-1-85617-527-2 TestandMeasurement:Know ItAll Jon Wilson,StuartBall,GMSdeSilva,Tony Fischer-Cripps,DoganIbrahim,KevinJames,WaltKester, M.A.Laughton,ChrisNadovich,Alex Porter,EdwardRamsden, StephenScheiber,MikeTooley, D.F.Warne,TimWilliams ISBN:978-1-85617-530-2 MobileWireless Security:KnowItAll PraphulChandra,AlanBensky,TonyBradley,ChrisHurley, SteveRackley,JohnRittinghouse, James Ransome,TimothyStapko,George Stefanek,FrankThornton,ChrisLanthem,JonWilson ISBN:978-1-85617-529-6 For more information on these and other Newnes titles visit: www.newnespress.com Circuit Design Darren Ashby Bonnie Baker Stuart Ball J. Crowe Barrie Hayes-Gill Ian Hickman Walt Kester Ron Mancini Ian Grout Robert A. Pease Mike Tooley Tim Williams Peter Wilson Bob Zeidman AMSTERDAM (cid:129) BOSTON (cid:129) HEIDELBERG (cid:129) LONDON NEW YORK (cid:129) OXFORD (cid:129) PARIS (cid:129) SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO (cid:129) SINGAPORE (cid:129) SYDNEY (cid:129) TOKYO Newnes is an imprint of Elsevier Newnes is an imprint of Elsevier 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK Copyright # 2008, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (+44) 1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333, E-mail: [email protected]. You may also complete your request online via the Else vier homepage ( http://el sevier. com), by selecting “Suppor t & Contact” then “Copyright and Permission” and then “Obtaining Permissions.” Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Application submitted British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: 978-1-85617-527-2 For information on all Newnes publications visit our Web site at www .elsevi erdirect. com Printed in the United States of America 08 09 10 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents About the Authors...............................................................................xv Chapter 1: The Fundamentals................................................................1 1.1 Electrical Fundamentals..................................................................................1 1.2 Passive Components.....................................................................................36 1.3 DC Circuits..................................................................................................87 1.4 Alternating Voltage and Current.................................................................124 1.5 Circuit Simulation......................................................................................151 1.6 Intuitive Circuit Design..............................................................................166 1.7 Troubleshooting Basic................................................................................177 References..........................................................................................................208 Chapter 2: The Semiconductor Diode....................................................211 References..........................................................................................................215 Chapter 3: Understanding Diodes and Their Problems.............................217 3.1 Speed Demons...........................................................................................219 3.2 Turn ’em off—turn ’em on.......................................................................220 3.3 Other Strange Things that Diodes Can Do to You.....................................222 3.4 Zener, Zener, Zener....................................................................................225 3.5 Diodes that Glow in the Dark, Efficiently...................................................228 3.6 Optoisolators..............................................................................................228 3.7 Assault and Battery....................................................................................231 References..........................................................................................................232 Chapter 4: Bipolar Transistors............................................................235 References..........................................................................................................247 Chapter 5: Field-Effect Transistors.......................................................249 References..........................................................................................................254 Chapter 6: Identifying and Avoiding Transistor Problems..........................255 6.1 More Beta—More Better?..........................................................................257 6.2 Field-Effect Transistors..............................................................................258 www.newnespress.com vi Contents 6.3 Power Transistors may Hog Current...........................................................261 6.4 Apply the 5-Second Rule...........................................................................264 6.5 Fabrication Structures make a Difference....................................................264 6.6 Power-Circuit Design Requires Expertise....................................................267 6.7 MOSFETs Avoid Secondary Breakdown....................................................269 References..........................................................................................................270 Chapter 7: Digital Circuit Fundamentals...............................................271 7.1 Digital Technology.....................................................................................273 References..........................................................................................................278 Chapter 8: Number Systems...............................................................279 8.1 Introduction................................................................................................279 8.2 Decimal–Unsigned Binary Conversion........................................................280 8.3 Signed Binary Numbers..............................................................................284 8.4 Gray Code.................................................................................................289 8.5 Binary Coded Decimal...............................................................................290 8.6 Octal-Binary Conversion............................................................................291 8.7 Hexadecimal-Binary Conversion.................................................................294 Chapter 9: Binary Data Manipulation ..................................................301 9.1 Introduction................................................................................................301 9.2 Logical Operations.....................................................................................302 9.3 Boolean Algebra........................................................................................303 9.4 Combinational Logic Gates........................................................................306 9.5 Truth Tables...............................................................................................308 References..........................................................................................................317 Chapter 10: Combinational Logic Design...............................................319 10.1 Introduction..............................................................................................319 10.2 NAND and NOR Logic............................................................................332 10.3 Karnaugh Maps........................................................................................334 10.4 Don’t Care Conditions..............................................................................341 References..........................................................................................................341 Chapter 11: Sequential Logic Design....................................................343 11.1 Introduction..............................................................................................343 11.2 Level Sensitive Latches and Edge-triggered Flip-flops..............................348 11.3 The D Latch and D-type Flip-Flop...........................................................348 11.4 Counter Design........................................................................................354 11.5 State Machine Design...............................................................................366 11.6 Moore Versus Mealy State Machines........................................................377 www.newnespress.com Contents vii 11.7 Shift Registers..........................................................................................377 11.8 Digital Scan Path.....................................................................................379 References..........................................................................................................382 Chapter 12: Memory.........................................................................383 12.1 Introduction............................................................................................383 12.2 Random Access Memory........................................................................385 12.3 Read-only Memory.................................................................................386 Chapter 13: Selecting a Design Route...................................................389 13.1 Introduction............................................................................................389 13.2 Discrete Implementation.........................................................................391 13.3 Mask Programmable ASICs....................................................................400 13.4 Field-Programmable Logic......................................................................414 13.5 VHDL....................................................................................................434 13.6 Choosing a Design Route.......................................................................436 Chapter 14: Designing with Logic ICs...................................................441 14.1 Logic ICs...............................................................................................441 Chapter 15: Interfacing......................................................................455 15.1 Mixing Analog and Digital.....................................................................455 15.2 Generating Digital Levels from Analog Inputs........................................458 15.3 Protection Against Externally Applied Overvoltages...............................461 15.4 Isolation.................................................................................................462 15.5 Classic Data Interface Standards.............................................................465 15.6 High-Performance Data Interface Standards............................................471 Chapter 16: DSP and Digital Filters....................................................477 16.1 Origins of Real-World Signals and Their Units of Measurement.............477 16.2 Reasons for Processing Real-World Signals............................................478 16.3 Generation of Real-World Signals...........................................................480 16.4 Methods and Technologies Available for Processing Real-World Signals 480 16.5 Analog Versus Digital Signal Processing................................................481 16.6 A Practical Example...............................................................................482 16.7 Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters.....................................................489 16.8 FIR Filter Implementation In DSP Hardware Using Circular Buffering...494 16.9 Designing FIR Filters.............................................................................497 16.10 Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) Filters...................................................508 16.11 IIR Filter Design Techniques..................................................................511 16.12 Multirate Filters......................................................................................514 16.13 Adaptive Filters......................................................................................519 References..........................................................................................................523 www.newnespress.com viii Contents Chapter 17: Dealing with High-Speed Logic...........................................525 References on Dealing with High-Speed Logic ...........................................532 Chapter 18: Bridging the Gap between Analog and Digital.......................533 18.1 Try to Measure Temperature Digitally....................................................536 18.2 Road Blocks Abound..............................................................................540 18.3 The Ultimate Key to Analog Success......................................................548 18.4 How Analog and Digital Design Differ...................................................549 18.5 Time and Its Inversion............................................................................556 18.6 Organizing Your Toolbox.......................................................................556 18.7 Set Your Foundation and Move On, Out of The Box..............................557 References..........................................................................................................558 Chapter 19: Op-Amps.......................................................................559 19.1 The Magical Mysterious Op-Amp...........................................................559 19.2 Understanding Op-Amp Parameters........................................................572 19.3 Modeling Op-Amps................................................................................599 19.4 Finding the Perfect Op-Amp...................................................................600 References..........................................................................................................618 Chapter 20: Analog-to-Digital Converters..............................................619 20.1 ADCs.....................................................................................................621 20.2 Types of ADCs......................................................................................624 20.3 ADC Comparison...................................................................................633 20.4 Sample and Hold....................................................................................634 20.5 Real Parts...............................................................................................636 20.6 Microprocessor Interfacing .....................................................................637 20.7 Clocked Interfaces..................................................................................643 20.8 Serial Interfaces......................................................................................644 20.9 Multichannel ADCs................................................................................650 20.10 Internal Microcontroller ADCs................................................................650 20.11 Codecs...................................................................................................652 20.12 Interrupt Rates........................................................................................652 20.13 Dual-Function Pins On Microcontrollers.................................................653 20.14 Design Checklist....................................................................................655 Chapter 21: Sensors..........................................................................657 21.1 Instrumentation and Control Systems......................................................657 21.2 Transducers............................................................................................659 21.3 Sensors...................................................................................................660 21.4 Switches.................................................................................................667 21.5 Semiconductor Temperature Sensors.......................................................672 www.newnespress.com Contents ix 21.6 Thermocouples.......................................................................................672 21.7 Threshold Detection................................................................................674 21.8 Outputs..................................................................................................676 21.9 LED Indicators.......................................................................................676 21.10 Driving High-Current Loads...................................................................678 21.11 Audible Outputs.....................................................................................678 21.12 Motors....................................................................................................681 21.13 Driving Mains Connected Loads.............................................................682 Chapter 22: Active Filters..................................................................685 22.1 Introduction............................................................................................685 22.2 Fundamentals of Low-Pass Filters...........................................................686 22.3 Low-Pass Filter Design...........................................................................697 22.4 High-Pass Filter Design..........................................................................707 22.5 Band-Pass Filter Design..........................................................................714 22.6 Band-Rejection Filter Design..................................................................724 22.7 All-Pass Filter Design.............................................................................729 22.8 Practical Design Hints............................................................................734 22.9 Filter Coefficient Tables.........................................................................744 References..........................................................................................................752 Chapter 23: Radio-Frequency (RF) Circuits...........................................753 23.1 Modulation of Radio Waves...................................................................753 23.2 Low-Power RF Amplifiers......................................................................759 23.3 Stability..................................................................................................762 23.4 Linearity.................................................................................................767 23.5 Noise and Dynamic Range .....................................................................771 23.6 Impedances and Gain .............................................................................773 23.7 Mixers....................................................................................................778 23.8 Demodulators.........................................................................................783 23.9 Oscillators..............................................................................................787 References..........................................................................................................795 Chapter 24: Signal Sources.................................................................797 24.1 Voltage References.................................................................................797 24.2 NonsinusoidaI Waveform Generators......................................................800 24.3 Sine Wave Generators............................................................................808 24.4 Voltage-Controlled Oscillators And Phase Detectors...............................817 References..........................................................................................................828 Chapter 25: EDA Design Tools for Analog and RF.................................829 25.1 The Old Pencil and Paper Design Process...............................................835 25.2 Is Your Simulation Fundamentally Valid?...............................................838 www.newnespress.com