University of Alberta Chromatic Alteration in the Missa L 'homme arm6 of Pierre de la Rue: A Case Study in Performance Practice by William Geoffrey Kempster 0 A thesis submitted to the faculty of graduate studies and research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Music in Choral Conducting Department of Music Edmonton, Alberta Fa11 1999 1+1 National Library Bibliotwue nationale ofhnacia du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographic Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellirrgtcm OttawaON KlAON4 OaawaON KlAON4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive pennettant a la National Library of Canada to Bibliotheque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, preter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette these sous paper or electronic fonnats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format Bectronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriete du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d7auteurq ui protege cette these. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de ceile-ci ne doivent &re imptimes reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Abstract Compared to the music of his contemporary, Josquin des Prez, the works of Pierre de la Rue are comparatively unknown to modern audiences. That this is music of the highest quality can hardly be doubted, however, and as more of his works become available in modem editions, it is to be hoped la Rue's music will receive the recognition deserves. This thesis presents an edition for performance of la Rue's Missa L 'hornme arme / which particularly attempts to put forward an interpretation of the Mass in terms of the application of what has been called - perhaps often somewhat ubiquitously - musicaficra. The thesis is structured in three parts: Part A gives an overview of practices associated with hexac hordal solinisation, as well as the application of various theore tical conventions associated with musica ficta; Part B details how these practices have been applied in my edition; and Part C presents the edition itself. As this edition is one designed for performance by a modem mixed-voice chamber choir, the music has been transposed up a minor 6 from the pitch suggested by sources. My research into rnusicaficra has attempted to blend Renaissance theoretical writings n-ith actual performance-based experimentation, and in performing the music of not only la Rue, but also Josquin, Ockeghem, Bnimel and others from this period, I have found the following general principals to be often applicable in this repertoire: I. The soft hexachord B flat should be introduced in many more instances than is fiequently observed in most modem editions. 2. Although both sub-semitone and supra-semitone cadential structures exist in this music, the former is more ofken called for than the latter. Further, these types of progressions shouId often be altered even if the progression is not of a strictly cadential variety. 3. Cadential tritones are common in this repertoire. 4. The "Tierce de Picardie" ending should be applied at final (and intermediate) cadences unless the part writing prevents this. 5. Cross-relations are a natural outcome of the operation of either hexachord choice or leading tone progressions, and should not be avoided as a matter or principle. PREFACE The complex polyphonic vocal music of particularly the 15th~bu t also the first part of the 16th century, represented the culmination of the first great stage in the development of Western Art Music. In particular, the music of the central Renaissance, up until approximately the death of Josquin in 152 1, can be seen as the pinnacle of achievement in the development of this polyphonic tradition. Music of this period was conceived in an environment fundamentally different from the one which has become moulded into the modem psyche; that is to say conceived within a litlear, or melodic tradition, as distinct fiom existing within a firmly entrenchedverrical, or harmonic one. Of course this is not to say that the concept of harmony was foreign to composers of this period: such composers were grappling with the elemental problems inherent in attempting to rationalise an essentially melodic tradition with a newly emerging harmonic language inconsistent with that tradition. Our knowledge of the conventions and practicalities of this music has been, and to a great extent remains, inadequate to truly do it justice. For the modem performer, one of the most important practical ramifications of these factors is the issue of what the actual pitches in this music would have been, or what has somewhat misleadingly become known as the controversial matter of musica jicfa. Musica jicfa becomes an issue of paramount importance when trying to reconstruct any reasonable facsimile of the composer's original intention in light of period performance practice, as well as the theoretical writings of the time. The task is certainly impossible in one important sense: there are almost certainly a number of possible 'correct' versions of any one particular piece, and for this music the concept of a definitive or 'autograph' score, increasingly applicable in later music. is simply irrelevant. It is not a matter of dispute that the music itself is fundamentally changed by these attempts to rediscover period practices. In the new edition of Pierre de la Rue's Missa i'lrornme annP 12 I have prepared for the performances accompanying this thesis, over 300 of the actual pitches as they appear in the manuscript sources have been changed in an attempt to more closely reflect what I believe to have been the composer's intention. There can be no claim that this is the only way in which to perform this music; it seems to me quite clear. honrever, that not to make the effort is certainly one wrong way. As wilI become clear in the pages which follow, in modem contemporary circIes the term rrtusica ficta has become regularly misused, especially by performers, who routinely equate the term with chromatic alteration of any type in this music. For the Renaissance musician. however, chromatic alteration could be of two general varieties: firstly, one associated with the application to both compositional and performance practice of a system of overlapping hexachords musica Vera, or recta; and secondly that of musica ficra. svhich reached beyond the normal limits of the hexachordai system, but was still strongly associated with it, and which was also subject to a variety of 'rules,' which were fairly rigidly outlined - at least in theory. Thus in the pages which follow, the distinction between the terms .chromatic alteration' and 'musica ficta' is essential in coming to some understanding of how this music worked in practice. It is often difficult for a modem performer brought up in an environment in which the nritten score is imbued with absolute authority to conceive of a situation in which that authority might be less than complete. There are still some conductors of choirs - of all -' - --- La Rue probably wrote two Mass settings based on this melody. There is some doubt concerning the authenticity of the second of these, however. standards and abilities - who would look at the following passage, for example, and even perform it, without it ever occurring to them that some of the notes themselves might be wrong. Even more alarming is the possibility that these same musicians could consider passages such as this, from Pierre de la Rue's Missa Pascale, as therefore of little artistic merit, perhaps the work of a less competent figure: Listening to this passage as it stands, it would be difficult to counter the view that there is something hdamentally wrong with this music: the awkward and unusual linear writing; harmony in which tritone relationships are consistently and jamngly brought to bear. How can this be the work of one of the most famous musicians of his day, especially considering the finely tuned aesthetic principles known to have governed virtually every aspect of Renaissance artistic endeavour? It is not as if passages such as this are isolated examples either; there are literally thousands of passages like this in the music of just this composer, as well as in the works of many others fiom the period between 1400 and 1550. Are we missing something about this music? Passages such as the above represent some of the most powerful evidence behind the contention that composers of this period expected certain conventions of chromatic alteration to be applied to their music at the performance stages2F urthermore, evidence suggests that these practices were so widespread and hlly integrated into the musical psyche of the Renaissance musician that in general it was not necessary to specifically notate them in the music. Those who still doubt the validity of this claim need only compare the previous example with the following, in the light of even the most cursory study of Medieval and Renaissance music treatises, to surely come to the concIusion that this music assumed some form of chromatic alteration in performance.3 - - - - - - N a gb r i - a tu a, - -- I Considering the position and function of the composer in this period, in practice most music of this period would surely generally have been prepared, at least for its first performance, under the direct supenision of the composer himself. 3 Also contrary to still widely heId opinion, most of what I have done in this case is not the application of nlusica ficta. but recta alteration (this will be explained in detail later on). The alterations I have made here are fairly straightforward. One other possibility exists in measure 74: C# in the tenor and E natural in the bassus. This creates a tritone relation with the discantus, but as it is passing, I believe it may still well have been tolerated. This reading is more consistent with what has already occurred in m. 70, and also manages to retain same solmisation for the canonic parts. As a result of a failure to approach this music in a manner that takes into account the fundamental link between the way in which this repertoire was conceived and finally realised in performance, many modem editors and/or conductors seem loathe to intervene with the application of editorial accidentals which reflect this performance practice. Often the explanation put forward for this policy of non-intervention in the music before c. 1520 is justified out of some misguided sense that this will alter the modal identity of the ~iece: inether or not this is really the case is an issue which will not be addressed in detail here, but in any case, as Zager has noted, such editorial conservatism produces distorted musical results since it fails to consider that the Renaissance singer would have approached this music fiom the practical standpoint of solmization rather than the essentially theoretical standpoint of modal purity, a concept which itself must be questioned as an operative compositional precondition for fifteenth- and sixteenth-century music.' The manner and extent to which chromatic alteration applied to the music of the period in which I am interested - roughly a quarter of a century either side of 1500 - is therefore an issue which is of enormous importance for those interested in this body of music: it is also an issue about which there is still great contention. In the second half of the twentieth century a great deal has been written which advances our understanding of the so- called 'problem of nlusica ficta', the most important contributions to which have been detailed in Berger's essential study of the issue! While no one commentator has managed to totally convince the musicological community of one consistently applicable view of this issue, I have found particularly interesting the work of those writers who have attempted to ' On this topic, s n C ristle Collins Judd, "Wibberly", Music Theory Online 2.5, Tuesday, 23 July, 1996. The two MTO articles which are pertinent here are Margaret Bent, "Diatonic ficta revisited: Josquin's Ave Maria in context." ~usi'T heory Online, ~olu&e2 .6, 1996; and Roger Wibberley, "Josquin's Ave Maria: Musica Ficta versus Mode," Music Theory Online 2.5, 1996. 5 Daniel Zager, "From the Singer's Point of View: A Case Study in Hexachordal Solmization as a wide to Musica Recta and Musica Ficta in Fifteenth Century Vocal Music." Current Musicology 33 $v), i 1. Karol Berger, Musica ficta: Theories of Accidental Inflections in Vocal Polyphony from Marchetto da Padova to Gioseffo Zarlino (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), xii. approach this subject fiom the twin points of view of solmisation and aural perception, \vhile still attempting to place it within the context of the Renaissance theoretical writings.' It is this broad approach which I will be adopting during the course of this thesis. It will ultimately be the purpose of this thesis, therefore, in presenting a new edition for pevonnance of Pieme de la Rue's Missa I 'hornme arm6 I, to argue a reasoned response to the questions raised by the issue of chromatic alteration, a response which is as consistent as possible with what we know of the various conventions which governed the performance of this music. My approach necessarily not only involves considerable reliance on contemporary theoretical treatises, but also draws on an aurally inspired decision-making process suggested by the practicalities of the performance situation. That aurally triggered 'decisionsa were a fundamental part of the Renaissance singer's method is a factor that I believe is very important, but one which has hitherto received relatively scant attention. If modern singers are subject to a similar process of 'conditioning', they too begin to 'hear' this music differently compared to the interpretation represented by the actual pitches on the page. In my experience as both singer and conductor - - reflecting, therefore, my own personal experience as well as those of other singers once particular procedures become aurally ingrained: it is subsequently very difficult nor to inflect - ' As well as Karol Berger, particularly Margaret Bent and Gaston Allaire. S These 'decisions' are of two varieties: largely subconscious and resulting from years of training; and more carehlly considered. That the conventions are learnt is undeniable. I am not suggesting that singers will naturally, as a matter of course, make all such alterations; what I am suggesting is that singers will, given exposure to a consistently applied method of chromatic alteration, gradually begin to apply these principles independently. I have observed this as both singer, and, more recently, as director of Ensemble de la Rue, an a cappella ensemble specialising in this music, which I formed in 1996. None of the singers in this group arc particular1y familiar with the theoretical and acsthctic principles underlying my approach to the issue of chromatic alteration in my editions of the music with which we work. Despite the peripheral knowledge inevitably communicated as part of the rehearsal process, it has also not been my purpose to 'enlighten' them concerning the theoretical basis for my decisions. It is remarkable, therefore, how consistently singers pick up, for exampIe, the accidental omission the type of alteration which has consistently been applied in other similar situations. This often takes the form of recognising - an uninflected leading-tone progression perhaps a fairly obvious case, but it also often concerns hexachordal choices, which are very much less obvious to modem singers. That the singers are responding to the actual sound of the music as well as how their individual lines are constructed in line