CHANG’AN 26 bce Chang’an 26 bce AN AUGUSTAN AGE IN CHINA Edited by MICHAEL NYLAN and GRIET VANKEERBERGHEN with the kind assistance of Michael Loewe A Samuel and Althea Stroum Book University of Washington Press Seattle and London This book is published with the assistance of a grant from the Samuel and Althea Stroum Endowed Book Fund. Publication of this book also was made possible in part by generous grants from the American Council of Learned Societies, the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, the Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation for International Scholarly Exchange, and the Center for Chinese Studies at the University of California, Berkeley. Frontispiece: Detail of mural on ceiling of tomb at Jiaotong University, late Western Han. Reproduced with permission from Cheng Linquan 1991, fig. 1. © 2015 by the University of Washington Press Printed and bound in the United States of America Design by Thomas Eykemans Composed in Minion, typeface design by Robert Slimbach 18 17 16 15 5 4 3 2 1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or trans- mitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, with- out permission in writing from the publisher. University of Washington Press www.washington.edu/uwpress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is on file with the Library of Congress ISBN 978-0-295-99405-5 The paper used in this publication is acid-free and meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences— Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48–1984. ∞ This book is dedicated to the Chinese scholars who have helped the volume editors most in their research on Western Han Chang’an: Wang Xiaomeng 王小蒙 and Hou Yongjian 侯甬堅, Tang Xiaofeng 唐晓峰 and Huang Yijun 黄义军, He Ruyue 何如月 and Tian Yaqi 田亚岐, Wang Shejiao 王社教, Zhang Xiangyu 張翔宇, Cao Long 曹龙, Liu Rui 劉瑞, Xiao Ailing 肖愛玲, and Pan Wei 潘葳, and last, but not least, Abby (Zhang Lizhi 张力之) and He Jianye 何剑叶. Without their unfailing intel- ligence, extraordinary resourcefulness, and exemplary organizational skills, this book would not have been possible. 本书谨献给几位曾经为此出版项目的编辑们在西安的研究提供了很大帮助的中 国学者：王小蒙、侯甬坚、唐晓峰、黄义军、何如月、田亚岐、王社教、张翔 宇、曹龍、刘瑞、肖爱玲、潘葳、还有张力之 、以及何剑叶。没有他们的智慧 和博学，以及非凡的组织能力，很难想象本书的顺利出版。 CONTENTS Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Editorial Note. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Chronology of Dynasties and Han Reign Periods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii Introduction Michael Nylan 戴梅可 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Part 1. The Built Environment and Archaeology of Han Chang’an . . . . . . . 53 1 The Evolution of Imperial Urban Form in Western Han Chang’an Tang Xiaofeng 唐晓峰 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 2 Chang’an and Rome: Structural Parallels and the Logics of Urban Form Carlos F. Noreña 羅瑞達 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 3 Supplying the Capital with Water and Food Michael Nylan 戴梅可. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 4 Mural Tombs in Late Western Han Chang’an Arlen Lian 練春海 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 5 Chang’an’s Funerary Culture and the Core Han Culture Huang Yijun 黄义军 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 6 The Residential Wards 理 of Western Han Chang’an Zhang Jihai 张继海 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 7 The Tombs Built for Han Chengdi and Migrations of the Population Michael Loewe 魯惟一 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Part 2. Sociopolitical Transformations in Late Western Han . . . . . . . . . . 219 8 Chengdi’s Reign, Problems and Controversies Michael Loewe 魯惟一 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 9 Recasting the Imperial Court in Late Western Han: Rank, Duty, and Alliances during Institutional Change Luke Habberstad 何祿凱 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 10 The Suburban Sacrifice Reforms and the Evolution of the Imperial Sacrifices Tian Tian 田天 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 11 Calendrical Computation Numbers and Han Dynasty Politics: A Study of Gu Yong’s Three Troubles Theory Liu Tseng-kuei 劉增貴 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 12 The Politics of Omenology in Chengdi’s Reign Shao-yun Yang 楊劭允. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 13 Pining for the West: Chang’an in the Life of Kings and Their Families during Chengdi’s Reign Griet Vankeerberghen 方麗特. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 Part 3. Leading Figures in Late Western Han . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 14 Liu Xiang and Liu Xin Michael Loewe 魯惟一. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 15 A Fu by Liu Xin on His Travels in Shanxi and Inner Mongolia David R. Knechtges 康達維 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 16 Yang Yun’s Biography, His Outlook, and His Poem Jurij L. Kroll 科洛利 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 17 Looking Backward: The Rise of Medical Tradition in the Han Period Miranda Brown 董慕達 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441 18 The Social Roles of the Annals Classic in Late Western Han Mark Csikszentmihalyi 齊思敏 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 19 The Late Western Han Historian Chu Shaosun Hans van Ess 葉翰 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477 Afterword: New Perspectives and Avenues for Future Research Michael Nylan 戴梅可. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505 Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559 List of Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This book grew out of a double intellectual concern: to do justice to a place and to a period, and to bring the best Chinese scholarship to historians inter- ested in comparisons in Europe and the United States. Western Han Chang’an, now hidden beneath the sprawling modern city of Xi’an, was, in its heyday, a magnificent city on a par with ancient Rome. Unlike Rome, it has remained largely unstudied, espe- cially in Euro-America. Equally astonishingly, few even in China seem to realize that late Western Han was not a period of dynastic decline but an era in which the past was rethought and the present remade, with huge implications for the future course of empire in China. The appeal to rethink late Western Han and the attempt to draw attention to Chang’an as a serious topic of historical study clearly resonated. The editors gathered an impres- sive array of scholars for an international conference, “Chang’an 26 BCE: From Drains to Dreams,” held at the University of California, Berkeley, in April of 2011. Many of the scholars present at that conference became contributors to this volume. The editors were also successful in garnering institutional support for the project. Three agencies funded the conference: the Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation for International Scholarly Exchange, the American Council of Learned Societies (Comparative Perspectives on Chinese Cul- ture and Society Fellowship), and the Center for Chinese Studies at the UC Berkeley. A Collaborative Research Fellowship (2010) from the American Council of the Learned Societies enabled the editors to take the project to a higher level, providing both of them with opportunities to travel to China together and with substantial research time at their respective institutions. It therefore allowed the editors the time and resources to work across disciplinary, linguistic, and national boundaries in their attempt to create, in col- laboration with the book’s contributors, a new perspective on late Western Han Chang’an. Additional support for the production of the book was provided by an Insight Grant (2012–16) from the Social Sciences and Research Council of Canada and by a generous subvention from the American Council of Learned Societies. In China, the editors were received with great openness, and this book is dedi- cated to the scholars in Xi’an and Beijing who hosted them, traveled with them through Shaanxi, showed them the archaeological sites, kept them abreast of recent discoveries, and engaged with them in lively and fruitful discussions. In addition, Michael Nylan would like to thank Rafe de Crespigny for introducing her to several valuable secondary sources; Bill Nelson for his masterful mapmaking on ix