CASES IN COMPARATIVE POLITICS THIRD EDITION 7701_efm1_pi-xxii.qxd:O'NEIL 7/21/09 10:03 AM Page i This page intentionally left blank CASES IN COMPARATIVE POLITICS THIRD EDITION PATRICK H. O’NEIL, KARL FIELDS, AND DON SHARE B W . W . N O R T O N & C O M P A N Y New York • London 7701_efm1_pi-xxii.qxd:O'NEIL 7/21/09 10:03 AM Page iii W. W. Norton & Company has been independent since its founding in 1923, when William Warder Norton and Mary D. Herter Norton frst published lectures delivered at the People’s Institute, the adult education division of New York City’s Cooper Union. The frm soon expanded its program beyond the Institute, publishing books by cele- brated academics from America and abroad. By mid-century, the two major pillars of Norton’s publishing program—trade books and college texts—were frmly established. In the 1950s, the Norton family transferred control of the company to its employees, and today—with a staf of four hundred and a comparable number of trade, college, and professional titles published each year—W. W. Norton & Company stands as the largest and oldest publishing house owned wholly by its employees. Copyright © 2010, 2006, 2004 by W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Editor: Aaron Javsicas Assistant editor: Carly Fraser Project editor: Kate Feighery Production manager, College: Eric Pier-Hocking Composition: Matrix Publishing Services, Inc. Manufacturing: Quebecor World—Fairfeld division Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data O’Neil, Patrick H., 1966– Essentials of comparative politics / Patrick H. O’Neil, Karl Fields, and Don Share— 3rd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN: 978-0-393-93377-2 (pbk.) 1. Comparative government—Case Studies. I. Fields, Karl J. II. Share, Donald. III. Title. JF51.O538 2009 320.3—dc22 2009022518 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10110 www.wwnorton.com W. W. Norton & Company Ltd., Castle House, 75/76 Wells Street, London W1T 3QT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 7701_efm1_pi-xxii.qxd:O'NEIL 7/21/09 10:03 AM Page iv ISBN: 978-0-393-11639-7 (ebook) Patrick H. O’Neil is Professor of Politics and Government at the University of Puget Sound in Tacoma, Washington. He has a Ph.D. in Political Science from Indiana University. Professor O’Neil’s teaching and research interests are in the areas of democratization, conflict and political violence. His pub- lications include the books Revolution from Within: The Hungarian Socialist Workers’ Party and the Collapse of Communism and Communicating Democ- racy: The Media and Political Transitions (editor). Karl Fields is Professor of Politics and Government and Director of Asian Studies at the University of Puget Sound in Tacoma, Washington. He has a Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of California, Berkeley. Profes- sor Fields’s teaching and research interests focus on East Asian political econ- omy, including government-business relations, economic reform, and regional integration. His publications include Enterprise and the State in Korea and Taiwan. Don Share is Professor of Politics and Government at the University of Puget Sound in Tacoma, Washington. He has a Ph.D. in Political Science from Stan- ford University. He teaches comparative politics and Latin American politics, and has published widely on democratization and Spanish politics. His books include The Making of Spanish Democracy and Dilemmas of Social Democracy. ABOUT THE AUTHORS v 7701_efm1_pi-xxii.qxd:O'NEIL 7/21/09 10:03 AM Page v This page intentionally left blank BRIEF CONTENTS vii 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. UNITED KINGDOM 31 3. UNITED STATES 75 4. FRANCE 115 5. GERMANY 157 6. JAPAN 200 7. RUSSIA 245 8. CHINA 285 9. INDIA 327 10. IRAN 369 11. MEXICO 407 12. BRAZIL 450 13. SOUTH AFRICA 490 14. NIGERIA 531 7701_efm1_pi-xxii.qxd:O'NEIL 7/21/09 10:03 AM Page vii This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS ix PREFACE xix 1. INTRODUCTION 1 What Is Comparative Politics? 2 Comparing States 2 IN COMPARISON: TOTAL LAND SIZE 3 IN COMPARISON: POPULATION 4 Comparing Regimes 5 IN COMPARISON: PERCEIVED CORRUPTION, 2008 6 IN COMPARISON: FREEDOM HOUSE RANKINGS, 2008 8 Comparing Political Conflict and Competition 13 IN COMPARISON: AVERAGE VOTER TURNOUT, 1945–1998 14 Comparing Societies 15 IN COMPARISON: ETHNIC AND RELIGIOUS DIVERSITY 16 Comparing Political Economies 18 IN COMPARISON: TOTAL GDP AT PURCHASING-POWER PARITY 19 IN COMPARISON: TOTAL PER CAPITA GDP AT PURCHASING-POWER PARITY 20 IN COMPARISON: ECONOMIC INEQUALITY 21 IN COMPARISON: GDP GROWTH RATE, 1975–2005 22 The Global Context 22 IN COMPARISON: HUMAN DEVELOPMENT SCORES, 2006 23 Conclusion 24 2. UNITED KINGDOM 31 Introduction 32 Why Study This Case? 32 Major Geographic and Demographic Features 33 Historical Development of the State 33 7701_efm1_pi-xxii.qxd:O'NEIL 7/21/09 10:03 AM Page ix x C O N T E N T S Political Regime 39 Political Institutions 41 The Branches of Government 43 The Electoral System 48 Local Government 51 Political Conflict and Competition 52 The Party System 52 Elections 56 Civil Society 56 Society 57 Class Identity 58 Ethnic and National Identity 59 Ideology and Political Culture 61 Political Economy 62 Foreign Relations and the World 65 IN COMPARISON: EUROPEAN UNION 66 Current Issues 68 3. UNITED STATES 75 Introduction 76 Why Study This Case? 76 Major Geographic and Demographic Features 77 Historical Development of the State 78 Political Regime 85 Political Institutions 86 The Branches of the Government 87 The Electoral System 92 Local Government 94 Political Conflict and Competition 95 The Party System 96 Elections 98 Civil Society 98 Society 99 Ethnic and National Identity 99 Ideology and Political Culture 100 IN COMPARISON: ECONOMIC EQUALITY 102 IN COMPARISON: RELIGIOUS VALUES 104 7701_efm1_pi-xxii.qxd:O'NEIL 7/21/09 10:03 AM Page x CONTENTS xi Political Economy 105 Foreign Relations and the World 107 Current Issues 110 4. FRANCE 115 Introduction 116 Why Study This Case? 116 Major Geographic and Demographic Features 117 Historical Development of the State 118 Political Regime 126 Political Institutions 126 The Branches of Government 127 The Electoral System 134 Local Government 135 Other Institutions: The French Bureaucracy 135 Political Conflict and Competition 136 The Party System 136 Elections 139 Civil Society 140 Society 141 Ethnic and National Identity 141 IN COMPARISON: RELIGION AND GOVERNMENT 143 Ideology and Political Culture 144 Political Economy 145 Foreign Relations and the World 149 Current Issues 152 5. GERMANY 157 Introduction 158 Why Study This Case? 158 Major Geographic and Demographic Features 159 Historical Development of the State 160 Political Regime 171 Political Institutions 171 The Branches of Government 172 7701_efm1_pi-xxii.qxd:O'NEIL 7/21/09 10:03 AM Page xi xii C O N T E N T S The Electoral System 178 Local Government 179 Political Conflict and Competition 180 The Party System 180 Elections 185 Civil Society 185 Society 187 Ethnic and National Identity 187 Ideology and Political Culture 189 Political Economy 190 Foreign Relations and the World 192 IN COMPARISON: MILITARY FORCE 193 Current Issues 195 6. JAPAN 200 Introduction 201 Why Study This Case? 201 Major Geographic and Demographic Features 203 Historical Development of the State 204 Political Regime 213 Political Institutions 214 The Branches of Government 214 The Electoral System 217 Local Government 219 Other Institutions: Bureaucracy and the Iron Triangle 220 Political Conflict and Competition 222 The Party System and Elections 222 Civil Society 227 Society 229 Ethnic and National Identity 229 Ideology and Political Culture 231 Political Economy 232 Foreign Relations and the World 235 Current Issues 239 IN COMPARISON: PERCENTAGE OF THE POPULATION OVER AGE 65 240 7701_efm1_pi-xxii.qxd:O'NEIL 7/21/09 10:03 AM Page xii CONTENTS xiii 7. RUSSIA 245 Introduction 246 Why Study This Case? 246 Major Geographic and Demographic Features 248 Historical Development of the State 249 Political Regime 256 Political Institutions 256 The Branches of Government 257 The Electoral System 263 Local Government 264 Political Conflict and Competition 266 The Party System and Elections 266 Civil Society 269 Society 272 Ethnic and National Identity 272 Ideology and Political Culture 274 Political Economy 275 IN COMPARISON: FREE MARKETS 277 Foreign Relations and the World 278 Current Issues 281 8. CHINA 285 Introduction 286 Why Study This Case? 286 Major Geographic and Demographic Features 287 Historical Development of the State 288 Political Regime 296 Political Institutions 297 Communist Party Institutions and Organs 300 The Branches of Government 302 Local Government 305 Other Institutions: The People’s Liberation Army 305 Political Conflict and Competition 306 The Party System: The Chinese Communist Party 306 The Succession and Circulation of Elites 307 Civil Society 308 IN COMPARISON: IS THE STATE TOO POWERFUL? 309 7701_efm1_pi-xxii.qxd:O'NEIL 7/21/09 10:04 AM Page xiii xiv C O N T E N T S Society 312 Ethnic and National Identity 312 Ideology and Political Culture 312 Political Economy 317 Foreign Relations and the World 320 Current Issues 322 9. INDIA 327 Introduction 328 Why Study This Case? 328 Major Geographic and Demographic Features 329 Historical Development of the State 330 Political Regime 341 Political Institutions 341 The Branches of Government 342 The Electoral System 345 Local Government 346 Political Conflict and Competition 347 The Party System 347 Elections 351 Civil Society 352 Society 354 Ethnic and National Identity 354 Ideology and Political Culture 355 IN COMPARISON: FEARS ABOUT FOREIGN INFLUENCE 356 Political Economy 357 Foreign Relations and the World 360 Current Issues 364 10. IRAN 369 Introduction 370 Why Study This Case? 370 Major Geographic and Demographic Features 371 Historical Development of the State 372 Political Regime 382 Political Institutions 383 7701_efm1_pi-xxii.qxd:O'NEIL 7/21/09 10:04 AM Page xiv