CAMPAIGNS AGAINST WESTERN DEFENCE RUSI DEFENCE STUDIES SERIES General Editor David Bolton, Director, Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies EditorJennifer Shaw, MA, BSc (Econ) Questions on defence give rise to emotion, sometimes to the detriment ofbalanced judgement. Since 1831 the Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies has been noted for its objectivity,independence and initiative;theviewsofits members sharpened byresponsibilityandexperience.In continuanceofthe Institute's aims, theRUSI DefenceStudies Series seeks to providea wider understanding and better informed debate ofdefence and national security issues. However, the views expressed in the books are thoseof the authors alone. Published Christopher Coker US MILITARY POWER IN THE 1980s ChristopherCoker THE FUTURE OF THE ATLANTIC ALLIANCE Michael Hobkirk THE POLITICS OF DEFENCE BUDGETING: A Study of Organisation and Resource Allocation in the UK and USA CliveRose CAMPAIGN AGAINST WESTERN DEFENCE: NATO's Adversaries and Critics Forthcoming Richard Clutterbuck THE FUTURE OF POLITICAL VIOLENCE: Destabiliza tion,Disorder and Terrorism Christopher Coker NATO, THE WARSAW PACT AND AFRICA DavidGreenwood BRITAIN'S DEFENCE PRIORITIES Michael Leifer (editor) THE ASIAN BALANCE OF POWER E.S. Williams THE SOVIET SERVICEMAN CAMPAIGNS AGAINST WESTERN DEFENCE NATO's Adversaries and Critics Clive Rose M MACMILLAN cD Royal UnitedServir..sInstitute 198'> Softeoverreprintofthe hardcover1stedition1985 Allrightsreserved. No reproduction,copyor transmission ofthis publication maybemadewithout written permission. Noparagraphofthis publicationmay be reproduced,copied or transmittedsavewith writtenpermissionor inaccordance with theprovisions oftheCopyright Act 1956 (asamended). Any person whodoes anyunauthorised act in relation to this publication may heliabletocriminalprosecutionand civil claimsfordamages. First published 198.'> Published by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmimlls,Basingstoke,Hampshire RG21 2XS and London Companiesand representatives throughout the world Typeset by Wessex Typesetters Ltd Frome,Somerset British LibraryCataloguing in Publication Data Rose,Clive Campaignsagainst western defence. - (RUSIdefence studiesseries) I. North AtlanticTreatyOrganisation 2. Strategy I. Title n. Series 35,)'.031'091821 UA646.3 ISBN978-1-349-07528-7 ISBN978-1-349-07526-3(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-1-349-07526-3 Contents Acknowledgements Vll Glossary ofAbbreviations V111 PART I INTRODUCTION I Adversaries and Critics 2 Western Defence 19 PART II ADVERSARIES: INTERNATIONAL FRONT ORGANISATIONS AND SOVIET PEACE CAMPAIGNS 3 The Origin ofthe International Front Organisations, 1919-39 39 4 The International Front Organisations since the Second World War 52 5 The World Peace Council 64 6 The International Department of the Soviet Communist Party and Related KGB Activities 77 7 Campaigns Against NATO 94 PART III CRITICS: PEACE MOVEMENTS IN THE WEST 8 Origin of the Peace Movement in the United Kingdom, 1931>-62 115 9 ThePeace Movementin the United Kingdom,1963-83 137 10 Peace Movements in Western Europe 156 II The Freeze Campaign in the United States and the Bishops' Letter 188 VI Contents PART IV CONCLUSION 12 Unofficial Peace Activities in Eastern Europe 213 13 Future Conditional 237 ANNEXES I The United Kingdom Nuclear Deterrent 243 II Profiles ofthe Principal International Front Organisa- tions 246 III Estimated Soviet Subsidies to International Front Organisations, 1979 292 IV Generals for Peace and Disarmament 293 Notes 295 Index (1Names 303 General Index 311 Acknowledgements A numberofpeoplehave contributed adviceand practical helpin the preparation of this book and thanks are due to all ofthem. Four require special mention. First I am indebted to the late Professor Leonard Schapiro, who generously made available to me the resultsofresearch undertaken under his auspices when he was chairman of the Institute for the Study of Conflict and encouraged me to take the development and publication ofthis work through tocompletion. This provided the basis forChapters 3to 7and also much factual material incorporated inChapters 10 and 12;it was originallyput togetherin book form byNigel Clive, who has continued togive me the benefitofhisadvicethroughout. I am also grateful to Rosemary Baker, lately ofthe Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies, for the majorcontribution she made to Chapter 8 and for her help with Chapter 11;and to Brigadier Kenneth Hunt for his valuable advice on Chapter 2. While I gratefully acknowledge their help, Ishould make it clear that I alone am responsible for the content of the book and the views expressed in it. CLIVE ROSE VII Glossary of Abbreviations AAPSO Afro-Asian Peoples' ICESC InternationalCommittee Solidarity Organisation for European Security AFSC American Friends' and Cooperation ServiceCommittee ICFTU International AGDF Action GroupService for Confeder.uion ofFree Peace (WestGermany) Trade Unions ASF Action Group for Peace ID International and Reconciliation Department ofthe (WestGermany) Central Committee of BPA British PeaceAssembly theCPSU CALC Clergy and Laity lID International Concerned (USA) Information Department CND Campaign for Nuclear ofthe Central Disarmament (UK) Committee cpe Christian Peace lIP International Institute Conference for Peace CPGB Communist Partyof IKV Interchurch Peace Great Britain Council (Netherlands) CPSL: Communist Partyofthe ILl" International Liaison Soviet Union Forum ofPeace Forces CPCS.\ Communist Partyofthe IMEMO InstituteofWorld USA Economyand D:\C Direct Action International Relations Committee (UK) (USSR) DEMYC Democrat Youth INF Intermediate Range CommunityofEurope Nuclear Forces DKP West German IUS International Union of Communist Party Students END Campaign for European LNU League ofNations Nuclear Disarmament Union ERW Enhanced Radiation MIRV Multiple Independently Warhead - targetahle Re-entry FIR International Federation Vehicle ofResistance Fighters OIRT International Radio and GLC~1 Ground Launched Television Organisation Cruise Missiles SED Socialist Unity Party IADL International (East Germany) Association of WFDY \Vorld Foderationof Democratic Lavwers Democratic Youth Vlll Glossary(ifAbbreoiations IX WFSW World Federationof WILPF Women's International Scientific Workers League forPeace and WFTU World Federation of Freedom Trade Unions WPC World PeaceCouncil \VIOF \Vomcn's International WSP Womt>nStrike for Peace Democratic Federation