rma_ DEN JANUARY-FEBRUARY 2003 Volume 94 No. 1 $2.00 HORTICULTURAL CALENDAR Jan. 4Sat. Jan. 14Tues. & 16Thur. •SANDIEGOFLORALASSOCIATION SANDIEGONATURALHISTORYMUSEUM LIBRARYopenfrom 10:00a.m.-3:00p.m. Mon.- Classon"PlantsofSanDiegoCounty."InstructorJon Fri.,alsothefirstandthirdSaturdays. Membersof Rebman, Ph.D., 6:30-8:30p.m. Members $25, SDFAcancheckoutbooks. (Membership$10ayear, nonmembers $35.Registeratwww.sdnhm.orgor includesmagazine.) BalboaPark, CasadelPrado, 619/232-3821ext. 203. Room105. 619/232-5762. Jan. 18Sat. Jan.4Sat. •SANDIEGOFLORALASSOCIATION WALTERANDERSENNURSERYCLASSon LIBRARYwillbeopen. SeeJan. 4fordetails. PruningPlumsandApricotsat9a.m. 3642Enterprise Jan. 18Sat. St., SanDiego. 619/224-8271.OrRosePruning/Bare- WALTERANDERSENNURSERYCLASSonRose RootRosesat9:30a.m. at 12755DanielsonCourt, Pruningat9a.m. 3642EnterpriseSt., SanDiego. Poway. 858/513-4900.Free. 619/224-8271.OrRosePruningat9:30a.m. at Jan.4-5Sat.-Sun 12755DanielsonCourt, Poway. 858/513-4900.Free. SANDIEGOROSESOCIETYRosePruning Jan. 18-19Sat.-Sun. Demonstration,InezGrantParkerMemorialRose SANDIEGOORCHID SOCIETYWinterOrchid Garden, BalboaPark. 9:00a.m.-noon,bringgloves Show. Sat. 12-4:00p.m., Sun. 10:00a.m.-4:00p.m. andpruners. Plantsalebothdays. ContactSteve BalboaPark, CasadelPrado, Room 101. Free. Berry, 619/291-5755.Free. Jan.25Sat. Jan.5Sun. S.D. COUNTYBRANCHCYMBIDIUMSOCIETY EASTCOUNTYROSESOCIETYAnnualPruning AnnualOrchidAuction. 12:00-4:00p.m. Refreshments Demonstration. Noonto4:00p.m. Handsondemo provided. Women'sClubofCarlsbad, 3320Monroe withConsultingRosarians. Bringyourprunersand St.,Carlsbad. CallJohnWadeBogren760/212-7905 glovesto 11252HorizonHillsDr., ElCajon. Contact days, 619/444-3233nights,oremail Bonnie,619/334-1339.Free. [email protected]. Free. Jan. 6Mon. Jan.25Sat. CGCIFLORALDESIGNFORUM2002-2003 WALTERANDERSENNURSERYCLASSon BarbaraGillum,MasterFlowerShowJudgefrom Camelliasat9a.m. 3642EnterpriseSt., SanDiego. Sacramento. CarlsbadWomen'sClub, 3320Monroe 619/224-8271.OrFruitTreePruningat9:30a.m. at St.,Carlsbad. 12:30-3:00p.m. $8atthedoor. 12755DanielsonCourt, Poway. 858/513-4900.Free. Info:760/749-9608. Jan.26Sun. Jan. 11 Sat. THEHUNTINGTON "GreatRosariansoftheWorld: WALTERANDERSENNURSERYCLASSonBare- MiriamWilkins."Gardentalk, 2:30p.m. 1150Oxford RootFruitTrees, SelectionandPlantingat9a.m. Rd, SanMarino. 626/405-3507.$25. Advanced 3642EnterpriseSt., SanDiego. 619/224-8271.Or reservationsandprepaymentrequired. FruitTreePruningat9:30a.m. at 12755Danielson Jan.27Mon. Court, Poway. 858/513-4900.Free. CARLSBADAFRICANVIOLETSOCIETY Jan. 11-12Sat.-Sun. Monthlymeetingabout"JudgingtheShow" with SANDIEGONATURALHISTORYMUSEUM LeonardRay. Beginsat 10a.m. includingauction, Classon"DigitallyEnhancedLandscape cultureclass, showandtell, shortbusinessmeeting, Photography."Instructor: StephenBurns. Practical andconcludeswithlunchandplantraffleat 1 p.m. applicationontheuseofPhotoshop7.0toenhance Youbringyourlunch; coffee, tea, anddesserts yourlandscapephotography. 8a.m.-4p.m. Members furnishedbytheclub. VistaLibrary, 700Eucalyptus $55,nonmembers$65. Registeratwww.sdnhm.orgor Ave., Vista. Pauline,760/433-4641.Free. 619/232-3821ext. 203. Feb. 1 Sat. Jan. 13Mon. •SANDIEGOFLORALASSOCIATION SANDIEGOHORTICULTURALSOCIETY LIBRARYwillbeopen. SeeJan. 4fordetails. Monthlymeeting "SanDiegoDreamingCreatinga Feb. 1-2Sat.-Sun. MediterraneanGardeninVancouver." byThomas SANDIEGOCAMELLIASOCIETYAnnualShow Hobbs,authorofShockingBeauty. 6:30p.m. atthe andSale. Entries: 8:00-10:00a.m. Visitors: Sat. SatelliteWageringFacilityoftheDelMar 12:00-4:00p.m., Sun. 10:00a.m.-4:00p.m. Balboa Fairgrounds. JimmyDuranteBlvd., DelMar. Free. Park, CasadelPrado, Room 101. Free. (continuedonpage4) JANUARY-FEBRUARY2003 CALIFORNIA GARDEN ^ California s,nce MAIH650ElPrado#105 GARDEN SanDiegoCA92101-1622 seeusatCasadelPrado, Room105BalboaPark LIBRARYOFCONGRESSNO.ISSN00081116 MondaythroughFriday Telephone 619/232-5762 10:00AMto3:00PM ArrangersGuildChm.619/435-8079 WWW.S61D9F/2L3O2-R5A76L2.ORG SanDiegPoubFlliosrhaeldAbsysociation VOLUME94 NUMBER 1 for92Years THEMAGAZINEFOR THEHANDS-ON GARDENER PUBLICATIONSTAFF JANUARY-FEBRUARY2003 EDITOR JacquelineColeman FEATURES CALENDAREDITOR LindaBerger 10 ANatNievwe-tSuoc-cUusleFnltowDievreirnsgitSyu,ccPuarltenIt J. Rebman,B.J.NBeewtztloenr NOWISTHETIMEEDITOR 11 CactusExpert: TomDeMerritt W. Morfeld JohnR.Allen 13 TheGreatStinkhornPatch G. Early AFFILIATELISTINGEDITOR 21 TheGreatestWeedofThemAll p. Pawlowski LynnBeyerle 23 RootingAfricanVioletBlossoms B. Conrad 28 PhalenopsisOrchidCulture C. Fouquette BOOK&VIDEOREVIEWEDITOR RosaleenCox DEPARTMENTS TOURSEDITOR 2 HorticulturalCalendar L. Berger 5 GardeningClasses L. Berger ADVERTISING 5 Errata j. Coleman JacquelineColeman 6 Gleanings B. Jones 16 NowIstheTime J. Allen RENEWALS 24 BookReviews R. Cox JoanRoman 29 Affiliates L. Beyerle LMynAnILBeIyNerGle COVERphotographbyJosephA.Betzler,picturedarePachycereuspringlei (thisisacardon, notasaguaro),Agaveshawii, andFouquieriacolumnaris EDITORIALADVISORYBOARD (boojumtrees). Thoughmostofthesesucculentsarenotnativetoourarea, MortBrigadier theywillthriveinourclimate, especiallyintheinlandvalleys. RobertHorwitz BarbaraS.Jones Claimsandopinionsexpressed byadvertisersdonotnecessarily BettyNewton reflecttheviewsoftheeditorandpublisherofCaliforniaGardenmagazine. PatPawlowski Wewelcomearticles,photographs,drawings,andideasfrom Copies of CalifornSiianglGeacrodpeinescoafnthbeecuorrrdeenrteidssbueyofmaCialliffoorrni$a2.G0a0rdpeenrmcaogpayzinpelus $1.00 postage. 2a0mtahteoufrJsanourarpyr,ofMeassricohn,alMs.ayD,eaJdullyi,neSsepftoermbaenre,xatndisNsuoeveamrebetrh.e canbepurchasedforadonationof$2.00atthelocationslisted. Wedonotpayforarticlesorartwork.Wecannotguaranteethe esWsdapoifartecdaePrndeeytraufanrendnc/dotofar5llmo.a1nstu.eabDrmiOciaSolt.t.mepCdAualtmlleaitfroeoprdriiinnasiilkao.nfGSsrauoerbxmdmpeiIrsneBssriMseoesnodesrramvrceueossmttpthahobteseierbdiloogefhu,tbtlhiteeno BCPMIAAASLSLSICBIFUOOOAANRNFPHIAIAALRRLMKASSRVNBIAUSONRIRDSTEEONTRRUSUYR,MCSE2EFN9RO8TYU-E2,NR8D,068A1,HT9/OI175OU72NS85-,EF7o68Or51tF08,/SH2t4Oo44c6S7k4-Pt8IoW2Tni0Al7DlLr,oi3Ivw0Te1Y,G,lNSeoan1rn5tD4hDr9i.B,eaEgllEodlPwCrCiaAandjoAo9,vn2eS1.Ca0,An3ADr9ic2ea0gd1oi9aCCAA9291100106 authorsanddonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsoftheeditors SANDIEGOFLORALASSOCIATION,232-5762,CasadelPrado,Rm.105,BalboaPark,SanDiegoCA92101 ofCaliforniaGarden.Noendorsementofnamedproductsis WALTERANDERSENNURSERY,224-8271,3642EnterpriseSt.,SanDiegoCA 92110 intended,noriscriticismimpliedofsimilarproductsthatare WALTERANDERSENNURSERY,513-4900,12755DanielsonCourt,PowayCA92064-6847 notmentioned. Sendalleditorialmaterialandchangeofaddressto: FLOWERSHOWS: ShowchairmancontactCaliforniaGarden,619/232-5762ifyouwant SanCDaileigfoorFnloiraalGAassrodceiantion yCeAarLsI,FfOoRreNiIgnAdGelAiRveDryENatdhd(eI$S6mS.Na00g0TaKp)ze8ri-n1y1eea1r6s,)oiblsydpuSbaaltnisyhDoeiudergBoi-sFMhlooonrwtah.llyAsfsoorcidaotniaotni,on1s6o5f0$8El.0P0rpaedroy#e1ar05o,r$Sa1n5.D0i0efgoortCwAo San1D6i5e0goElCPAra9d2o1#0110-51622 9P2O1S0T1-M1A6S22T.ER®:SaSnenDdieagdodrFelsosrcalhaAnsgseoscitaotCioAnL,I1F99O2R.NIAlAlGrAigRhtDsErNes,er1v6ed5.0EPlerPirodaidcoal#s10P5o,stSaagneDpiaiedgoatCSAan92D1i0e1g-o16C2A2.. CALIFORNIA GARDEN JANUARY-FEBRUARY2003 HORTICULTURALCALENDAR, CONTINUEDFROM BalboaPark, CasadelPrado, Room101. Free. PAGE2 Feb. 18Tues. •SANDIEGOFLORALASSOCIATION Feb. 1 Sat. GENERALMEETINGfeaturinglocalauthorand WALTERANDERSENNURSERYCLASSon lecturerEvaShawPh.D., "GardenTherapy-It's Vermicultureat9a.m. 3642EnterpriseSt., San Nature'sHealthPlan." BalboaPark, CasadelPrado, Diego. 619/224-8271.OrBare-RootFruitTrees Room101. 7p.m. Free. Catereddinnerprecedes the VarietiesandCareat9:30a.m. at 12755Danielson meetingat6p.m. Advancedreservationsbefore Ct, Poway. 858/513-4900.Free. Feb. 13 alongwith$11 paymentrequiredfordinner. Feb. 3Mon. 619/232-5762. CGCIFLORALDESIGNFORUM2002-2003 Feb. 22Sat. "Surprise! LocalCreativeDesigners." Carlsbad WALTERANDERSENNURSERYCLASSon Women'sClub,3320MonroeSt., Carlsbad. 12:30- NativePlantsat9a.m. at3642EnterpriseSt., San 3:00p.m. $8atthedoor. Info: 760/749-9608. Diego. 619/224-8271.OrOrchids(withspecialguest Feb. 8Sat. speakers) at9:30a.m. at 12755DanielsonCourt, WALTERANDERSENNURSERYCLASSon Poway. 858/513-4900.Free. Xeriscapingat9a.m. 3642EnterpriseSt., SanDiego. Feb. 24Mon. 619/224-8271.OrGardenRailroading:BringingitAll CARLSBADAFRICANVIOLETSOCIETY. Togetherat9:30a.m. at 12755DanielsonCourt, Monthlymeetingabout"SlideShowofPastNational Poway. 858/513-4900.Free. andCouncilShows" withBettyRoberson. Beginsat 10 Feb. 8-9Sat.-Sun. a.m. includingauction,cultureclass, showandtell, SANDIEGOCAMELLIASOCIETYExhibit,Wild shortbusinessmeeting, andconcludeswithlunchand AnimalPark. 10:00a.m.-4:00p.m. bothdays. Free plantraffleat 1 p.m. Youbringyourlunch; coffee, withgeneraladmission. tea, anddesserts furnishedbytheclub. VistaLibrary, Feb. 8-9Sat.-Sun. 700EucalyptusAve., Vista. Pauline, 760/433-4641. THEHUNTINGTON31stAnnualCamelliaShow. Free. Sat. 1-4:30p.m., Sun. 10:30a.m.-4:30p.m. Friends' Feb. 28-Mar2Sun. Hall, 1150OxfordRd,SanMarino. CGCI, PALOMARDISTRICTSTANDARD 626/405-2100.Generaladmission. FLOWERSHOW "SpringIntoSanDiego."Partof Feb. 10Mon. the 18thAnnualSpringHome/GardenShow "All SANDIEGOHORTICULTURALSOCIETY. AboutGardens" atDelMarFairgrounds. Friday Monthlymeeting "Bromeliads: FromtheRainForest 12-8p.m., Saturday 10a.m.-8p.m., Sunday totheRetailOutlet"byJeffreyKentofKents 10a.m.-5p.m. Admission$10(Children 12andunder BromeliadsNurseryinVista. 6:30p.m. attheSatellite free). 760/727-7614. WageringFacilityoftheDelMarFairgrounds.Jimmy Mar. 1-2Sat.-Sun. DuranteBlvd.,DelMar. Free. OHARASCHOOLOFIKEBANASHOW. Feb. 15Sat. 11:00a.m.-4:30p.m. bothdays. Demonstrationsat *SANDIEGOFLORALASSOCIATION 11:30, 1:00, and2:30eachday. BalboaPark, LIBRARYwillbeopen. SeeJan. 4fordetails. CasadelPrado, Room 101. Free. Feb. 15Sat. WALTERANDERSENNURSERYCLASSon BALBOAPARK Cymbidiumsat9a.m. at3642EnterpriseSt.,San SANDEEGOJAPANESEFRIENDSHIPGARDEN D1i2e7g5o5.D6a1n9i/e2l2s4o-n82Co7u1r.t,OrPoSwpariyn.g8B5u8l/b5s13at-499:0300.aF.rme.e.at OpenTues. thruSun. 10:00a.m.-4:00p.m. Docent Feb.U1C5ISaAt.RBORETUM'SAnnualWinterOrchidShow, OFFStoHurOsOwTithTOreUseRrvSatRioannsg.erFegeu.id6e1d9./2V3a2r-i2o7u2s1.topics. "PreludetoSpring." 10:00a.m.-3:00p.m. Saturdays 10:00a.m. MeetatVisitorsCenterinPlaza mShuocwhcamsoirneg.tChoeirrneorutosftaCnadimnpgucsyDmrbiivdeiuamndcoJlalmebctoiroeneand INTEdRePPRanEaTmIa.VE61W9/A2L35K-S112R1a.ngFerere.guided. History RoadontheUCINorthCampus, Irvine. 949/824- orientedtopics. MeetatVisitorsCenterinPlazade 5833. $2admission. Childrenunder 12andmembers Panama. TuesdaysandSundaysat 1:00p.m. Free. oftheFriendsoftheUCIArboretumadmittedfree. ONGOINGEVENTS Feb.S16ANSuDn.IEGOMYCOLOGICALSOCIETY5th SANDIEGONATURALHISTORYMUSEUM AnnualMushroomFairincludingdisplaysoflocal CanyoneerWalks. Sat-Sun. Sept-June. mushroomsandfungi,cookingdemos, horticulture 619/232-3821ext203orwww.sdnhm.orgfor instruction,andbooksales. 11:00a.m.-3:00p.m. locations, timesanddirections. Free. 4 JANUARY-FEBRUARY2003 CALIFORNIA GARDEN , SANDIEGOZOOORCHIDODYSSEY. Summer Vegetable Gardening. ThirdFridayofevery monthfrom 10:00a.m.-2:00 BeginningFeb. 18 Tues. P.M. p.m., showcasingorchidsfromPapuaNewGuinea, Tuesday 6:00-9:10p.m., FoothillsAdultCenter, CentralandSouthAmerica, Africa, Thailand, Room 12, 1550Melody Lane, ElCajon. Australia, China, andVietnam. Free withZoo admission. 619/401-4122. $15. QUAILBOTANICALGARDENS GardenTours& Growingakitchen saladgarden inthebackyard, Events. 9:00a.m.-5:00p.m. 230QuailGardensDrive, onthepatio, orinacontainer. Encinitas. 760/436-3036or(www.qbgardens.com). BeginningJan. 8Wed. Afternoon General admission. Wednesday 1:00-3:00p.m., LaMesaSenior BLUESKYECOLOGICALRESERVEWalks. AdultCenter, 8450LaMesaBlvd., LaMesa. Poway. Sat. &Sun. 9:00a.m. 858/679-5469. 619/464-0505. Freetoolderadults. WALKABOUT INTERNATIONALLocalGuided Walks. Newsletter. 619/231-SHOE. Free. CONNIE BECK CUYAMACA COLLEGEWaterConservation 12-WEEKCOURSE GardenLandscapeSeminaron2ndSaturdayofeach HomeLandscaping I-BasicsofOrganic month. 9:30a.m. DocenttoursSat. 10:30a.m. and Gardening: Createagarden withlessworkand THESHunU.N1T:I30NpG.Tm.ON619is/6o6p0e-n06T1u4e.sdFaryeet.hroughFriday mmoorreefsuucnc,eslses.swaterandmorecolor, lesscostand 4n:o3o0npt.om4.:3C0lops.emd.,MoSnatduarydaaynadnmdoSsutnhdoalyida1y0s:.30$1a.0m. to BeginningJan. 8Wed. P.M. adults, $8.50seniors, $7students(12-18),under 12 Wednesday6:30-9:30p.m., SantanaAdult andmembers free. Grouprate (10+)$8. First Center, Room 1305, 9915Magnolia, Santee. Thursdayofeachmonthfreetoallvisitors. 626/405- 619/749-4059or619/596-3657. $24. 2100orwww.huntington.org. Deadlineforsubmissionto GARDENING CLASSES HORTICULTURAL CALENDAR forMARCH- BETTY NEWTON APRIL issueisJANUARY 15. SANDIEGO 12-WEEKCOURSE FLORAL ASSOCIATION isnotresponsiblefor changesthataresubmittedlatebytheorganizations. Landscaping Trees, Shrubs andFlowers. Covering stone fruittree structure, pruning, and recommended varietiesthrough smallarea ERRATA groundcovers androses inlandscaping. November-December 2002Issue BeginningJan. 8Weds. A.M. Page 172, endofpage, photocredit, lastlineshould Wednesday 8:50a.m.-Noon, GrossmontBaptist readPhotograph2by F.X. Williams ChurchFellowshipHall, atMildenandWaters Page 181, line 13,forLongdayorintermediateday Streets, LaMesa. 619/644-3555. $26. onionseeds, readLongdayonionseedswillnot BeginningJan. 9Thurs. A.M. bulbinSanDiego, Thursday 8:50a.m.-Noon. FoothillsAdult Center, Room 12, 1550Melody Lane, ElCajon. lliinnee2240,,ffoorr'1G6-r0a-n0o,x'r,eardea1d6-'2G0r-a0nex' 619/401-4122. $26. line28,forShortday, readLongday JOYCE GEMMELL secondcolumn, discussingUCpublications,for 6-WEEK COURSE hattbpet:/t/eripcmh.ouiccdeavfiosr.ehdoum/ePDgaFr/dPeMnGe/rsinwdoeuxl.dhtbmel PFrruuintinTgr,eeG,rVaipnee,anadndCaBnereryB,errTireese.Planting, ahtstpt:h/e/fwiwrswt.iispmi.nutcednadveisd.feodru/cPoMmGm/seerlceicatlnegwrpoewsetr/sh.ome.html BeginningJan. 7Tues. P.M. Tuesday6:00-9:10p.m., FoothillsAdultCenter, Concerningtheabovearticleaboutonions, on Room 12, 1550MelodyLane, ElCajon. page 181, onecouldinferthatsomeoftheincorrect 619/401-4122. $15. statementsweremadebyJoyceGemmell. Thisisnot BeginningJan. 10Fri. A.M. thecase. Ourapologiestoher. Friday 9:00a.m.-12:10p.m., FoothillsAdult Center, Room 12, 1550Melody Lane, El Cajon. 619/401-4122. $15. CALIFORNIA GARDEN JANUARY-FEBRUARY2003 Gleanings gatheredbybarbarajones PINEBARKBEETLE . . . heatto protectthe delicateplants form so thatthey canbe cut into Trees weakened by drought are forourfew frostynights. narrow, almostuniform, pieces. more susceptible to disease and In Britain, most of the home Tomake thebaby carrots more pests. We have just finished a gardeners use paraffin to heat eye-appealingtheends andedges threeyeardroughtsession.Atthe theirglasshouses.(No,thisfuelis are rounded by tumbling the cut present time, the problem is notthosequarter-poundblocksof pieces in a steel cage with a severeinourbackcountryforests waxwemelttocovernewlymade rough lining. This wears down — there are infestations of pine jelly.Itisaliquidwaxfuelthatis the sharpedges. bark beetles. Not only are the burned ina special burner.) This If you desire to grow a carrot beetles killing the trees, but the produces toxic fumes that not that is the same size top-to- dead trees are making the forest only smell terrible but are bottom,plantthemclosetogether. firesituationworse. harmfultotheenvironment. (A carrot naturally grows with a The main problem beetle is the This new fuel, Greenheat, is an wider top and a tapering tip.) California five-spined lps, which easy to use gel, has no toxic Even for home dipping use, the fliesto atree, burrowsunderthe ingredients, and is organic. It is cut pieces will be more bark, andlayseggs. Itputsouta made from sugar cane. (It also symmetrical. Gourmetsclaimthat pheromone to alert other beetles can be used for cooking.) It is traditional carrots thatare grown that soon follow. Thousands of carbon dioxide neutral. That naturally,notclosetogether,taste beetles occupy the tree and means thatthe amount ofcarbon better. eventuallykillit. dioxide it emits when burning is Wedon'thaveanexactdate,but The really bad news is thatthe equivalent to the amount utilized the "baby carrot" came on the beetles have now moved into duringthephotosynthesisprocess market in the 80s and Balboa Park. Infected trees start whileitisgrowing. immediately became popular. dying from the top and by the Itappears thatthere isprogress Even though they are more time itisnoticed, itistoolateto on finding new fuels to replace expensive than regular carrots, save the tree. One of the main fossil fuels. Inparts ofAmerica, the convenience makes them beautiesofBalboaParkisitslush ethanol, made from corn, is worththeextramoney. forest. widely used as a fuel for Statistics show that Americans We need the winterrains so the automobiles. eat anaverage of10.6poundsof plants, allofthem, willnotbeso carrots per year. (Fresh tomato stressed and subject to diseases BABYCARROTS . . . consumptionis 18pounds.) and pest infestation. The Park Sold by the bagful, baby carrots gardeners are doing all they can havebecome apopularmunchie. CELERY . . . tostopthislatestinfestation. Butmost ofthe ones for saleare Haveyou ever had limp, spongy notwhattheyseem. Theyarenot celery? It's notgood. Mostofus GREENHEAT . . . baby carrots, they are baby-cut purchase celery. To keep itcrisp Greenheat is the name ofa new carrots. it should be hydrated. (You fuel that is being used inBritain Full size carrots are scrubbed, hydrate flowers by immersing to heat home gardeners' peeled, and cut into small them in deep water before glasshouse—s. We are spoiled in sections. Thesesmallsectionsare arranging.) When you get the our area aboutthe only home mechanically shaped into "baby stalkhome, cutathinsliceoffthe gardeners who use a glasshouse carrots." The carrots are not the bottom, and immerse itforabout are those who specialize in usual ones; they are special an hour in deep ice water. Then growing orchids. Usually a heat varietiesthathavebeendeveloped shakeitandplacethewholestock lightbulbortwogivesoffenough to grow in an almost cylindrical inaplasticbaginthefridge. JANUARY-FEBRUARY 2003 CALIFORNIA GARDEN NATIVE SUCCULENT DIVERSITY AND GARDENING, PART II BY JON P. REBMAN AND JOSEPH A. BETZLER [PartI, printedin theNovember-December 2002 California Garden, deltwith theplantsofSanDiego Countyand regionaldiversity. Theauthorsdeclaredthatthepublicneedstotakeactioninrespecttowaterconservation.Itmakes goodsensetopromotemorexerophytegardening. Nativeplantsofourregion, whichincludesLowerCaliforniaand San Diego County, are a natural choice due to their adaptive abiliies to survive and even to thrive in the dry conditionsofthearea.] Succulent DiversityinLowerCalifornia, Mexico Crassulaceae (38 taxa), Agavaceae (26 taxa), ThearidportionsofLowerCaliforniaillustratethis Portulacaceae (14taxa), andEuphorbiaceae(13 taxa). diversity. It is estimated that this region has a total of Furthermore, almost 65% of all the known 301 taxa (261 species) in 27 different vascular plant succulents in Lower California can be found in three families thatcanberegarded as leafor stemsucculents families: Cactaceae, Crassulaceae, and Agavaceae. In (Rebman 2001). Some of the plant families with these three most diverse succulent families, the succulent members in the region include: Aizoaceae, percentage oftaxaendemic to LowerCalifornia isalso Anacardiaceae, Asteraceae, Bromeliaceae, Burseraceae, veryhigh.TheAgavaceaehavethehighestpercentageof Cucurbitaceae, Fouquieriaceae, Nolinaceae, endemism among these families, with 84.6 % or 22 Nyctaginaceae, Solanaceae, andVitaceae. However,the endemicplanttaxa.TheCactaceaehave92endemictaxa highestdiversityofsucculents inLower Californiacan (71.3 % endemism) and the Crassulaceae have 26 be found in five plant families: Cactaceae (129 taxa), endemic taxa (68.4 %). A few endemic, succulent generaalsocanbefoundintheLowerCaliforniaregion, including:Pachycormus(Anacardiaceae);Baeriopsisand Coulterella (Asteraceae); Bartschella, Cochemiea, Morangaya, xMyrtgerocactus, and xPachgerocactus (Cactaceae). Most of the succulent plant species in Lower California can be divided into either stem or leaf succulents. However, some of these species, such as Cistantheguadalupensis,havebothsucculentleavesand stems andcanbeputintobothcategories. Inrespectto thediversityofstemversusleafsucculentsintheregion, itisestimatedthatthereare 184taxaofstemsucculents and 117leafsucculents. Stem Succulents ofLowerCalifornia ThemostdiversegroupofstemsucculentsinLower California is the cactus family. The Cactaceae in this region are represented by 15 genera, 104 species, and 129totaltaxainthesubfamilyCactoideae(11genera,71 species) and Opuntioideae (4 genera, 33 species). Of these, 71 speciesand92taxaareendemictotheregion, whichisa68.3% endemismrateforspeciesand71.3% for total taxa. Two cactus genera (Morangaya and Cochemiea) are thought to be endemic to Lower California. Morangayais amonotypicgenus consisting onlyofM.pensilis,whichisrestrictedtothemountains ThisAsaveshawiivarietyhashugesingleheads. Theplant ofthe Cape Region ofBCS. This genus is sometimes wasraisedfromseedandisabout6feetindiameter;itwill lumpedintoEchinocereus,butvarioustypesofevidence takeafewmoreyearsbeforeitflowers. support its recognition as a separate genus (Moran, CALIFORNIA GARDEN JANUARY-FEBRUARY2003 1977). Cochemieaiscomposedoffiveendemicspecies; three are found on the peninsula in the central and southernportions, and two are island endemics. Some authors(Hunt, 1987)recognizethisgroupasasubgenus of Mammillaria, but more systematic investigation is needed in order to determine accurately its taxonomic level.Variousothergenera, suchasBartschella(usually included in Mammillaria) and Machaerocereus (now combined into Stenocereus) were also considered endemic, ornearlyrestrictedto, LowerCalifornia. ThemostspeciosegeneraintheCactaceaeofLower CaliforniaareMammillaria(32species), Cylindropuntia (19 species), Opuntia (12 species), Ferocactus (11 species), and Echinocereus (10 species). The genus Opuntia sensu lato (including Cylindropuntia and Grusonia)wasconsideredtohavethehighestnumberof overalltaxa(41)beforeitwassplit,butMammillariahas alwaysledinendemismwith29endemicspeciesand32 endemictotaltaxa. The Euphorbiaceae are represented with over 100 speciesin 18generainLowerCalifornia. Someofthese species are quite succulent, especially in Euphorbia subgenusAgaloma;Euphorbiacalifornica,E.hindsiana, E. misera, andE.xantii;plusE. ceroderma, whichwas not listed in Wiggins (1980) but is a very attractive succulentnativetothepeninsula. InthegenusJatropha there are seven species in the region, four of them endemic. Othersucculentmembersofthespurgefamily found in the region include slipper plant/candelilla This Dudleya in Baja California shows how hardy these (Pedilanthus macrocarpus) and pimentilla (Adelia plantscan be. This specimen isgrowingin a rockfissure virgata), which superficially resembles the ocotillo withlittleornosoil. (Fouquieriasplendens). A wide-ranging plant family well known for its LowerCalifornia.Theocotillo(Fouquieriasplendens)is many succulent members is the Asclepiadaceae commoninthenorthernhalfofthepeninsularangingto (milkweedfamily). Althoughnotveryrichinsucculents its southernmostpopulationinthe Sierra Guadalupe of inLowerCalifornia,thefamily'sdiversityisrepresented BCS.Thepaloadan(F. diguetii)ismorecommoninthe with seven genera and 25 species, ofwhich seven are southernhalfoftheregionbutfrequentlydominatesthe endemic. Themostsucculentmilkweeds intheareaare vegetation in some parts ofthe Vizcaino Desert in the in the genus Asclepias and include: A. subulata, A. central partofthepeninsula. A less knownmember of albicans, andA. masonii. this family is F. burragei, which looks almost The Burseraceae (torchwood family) constitute intermediateinhabitbetweentheocotilloandpaloadan anotherpopularfamilyamong succulententhusiastsand but has white to pink colored flowers. It has a rather arewellrepresentedinLowerCalifornia.Althoughthere restricted distribution, being found onlyalong the Gulf istaxonomicresearchcurrentlybeingconductedinorder ofCaliforniacoastfromthevicinityofMulegetoLaPaz to better understand its local members, it is estimated and on a few southern Gulf islands. The most thattheBurseraceaehaseightspecies,includingonenew charismatic species in this family and perhaps of the species notyet named from southeastofLaPaz. Other entire peninsula is the boojum tree or cirio (F. sarcocaulescent or elephant tree-type species native to columnaris), whichiscommon inthedesertareas from LowerCaliforniacanbefound intheAnacardiaceae or El Rosario to Volcan las Tres Virgenes. This species cashew family and include copalquin (Pachycormus oftenlookslikealarge, upside-down, albinocarrotand discolor)andciruelo(Cyrtocarpaedulis). itforms forestsinthesouthernhalfofBC. TheFouquieriaceaehavefourspeciesnativeto The Cucurbitaceae (melon/squash family) have 8 JANUARY-FEBRUARY2003 CALIFORNIA GARDEN many members with succulent underground stems westcoastofcentral LowerCalifornia. (tubers) or fattened lower stems (caudiciforms). One Thewell-knownsucculentfamilyAizoaceaeisalso such caudiciform species in Lower California is represented in Lower California but mostly by such Ibervillea sonorae, found commonly in the southern exotics as Mesembryanthemum and Carpobrotus. peninsula and on various Gulf islands. Other native However, thenativespeciesofSesuviumcancommonly species in the morning glory family (Convolvulaceae) befoundincoastal areas ofthesouthernpeninsula. from Lower California can be grown in cultivation so The Sunflower family (Asteraceae) has a few that the normally underground tuber is exposed and succulentmembers inLowerCaliforniaaswell. Genera obviousabovethesoil. with at least one leaf-succulent species include LeafSucculents ofLower California Coreopsis, Coulterella, Hofineisteria, Porophyllum, ThemostdiversegroupofleafsucculentsinLower Senecio, and the endemic genus, Baeriopsis, from California is the Crassulaceae (stonecrop family). This Guadalupe Island. BothBaeriopsis and Coulterella are family isrepresentedwiththreegenera, 36 species, and monotypic genera that are considered endemic to the 38 totaltaxa. ThegenusDudleya isthemostregionally region. diverseofthefamily,withapproximately32speciesand various interspecific hybrids. Including varieties and Joseph A. Betzler, in 1983 and again in 1985, was subspecies,thereare34taxaofdudleyasfoundinLower electedpresidentoftheSanDiegoCactusandSucculent California and 26 ofthese are endemic. The stonecrop Society. He is also a director of the Cactus and genera CrassulaandSedum, eachwithtwo species, are SucculentSocietyofAmerica, whereheisthechairfor alsorepresentedlocally. the Computer Technology Committee. Currently hecan Thesecondmostdiversegroupofleafsucculentsin bereachedatBotanicalConservation Center, CRES, LowerCaliforniaisthe Agavaceae with 18 species and Zoological Society ofSan Diego, 15500 San Pasqual 26 taxa, of which 22 are endemic. This family is ValleyRoad, Escondido CA 92027-7017 represented with three genera, Agave, Hesperoyucca, ibetzlerffisandiesozoo.org. andYucca. Bothcenturyplants/mescals/magueys(Agave PhotographsbyJosephA. Betzler spp.)andsoaptrees/datils(Yuccaspp.)aresocommonin JonP.Rebman'sdoctoralresearchatArizonaState some parts of the peninsula that they are obvious University on the systematics ofthe chollas ofLower dominants in the vegetation. The closely allied California (both states) included extensive fieldwork Nolinaceae have four species in the region, all in the conducted under a Fulbright Fellowship. During this genus Nolina. In the USA, Nolina species are usually time he became fascinated by the varied and often low-growing and called bear-grasses, but in Lower bizarrefloraofthepeninsula, aninterestthatcontinues California most of the species are tree-like and are asafocusofhisresearch. Since1996, whenhebecame locallyreferredtoas "sotol." Curator ofBotany at the San Diego Natural History In the Bromeliaceae there are two succulent Museum, hehas concentratedonbuildingresearch ties bromeliads that grow in rocky areas of the southern between the museum andscientific institutionsin Baja mountainrangesandCapeRegionofBCS,Hechtiagayii CaliforniaandBaja CaliforniaSur. andH. montana. Interestingly,H. montanaseems tobe Rebman can be reached at the Natural History a "window-leaf plant, sincetheupperepidermis ofits Museum, POBox121390, SanDiego CA 92112-1390 succulentleafistransparentandthechlorophylloustissue [email protected] is onthe lower sideoftheleaf. This apparentlyallows lighttopenetratetheupperpartoftheleaf, filterthrough LiteratureCited the succulent portion, and then be captured by Hunt, D. 1987. A newreviewofMammillarianames. (Reprintedfrom photosynthesisontheinsideoftheleaf. Itisnotknown Bradleyavols. 1-5).BritishCactusandSucculentSociety,Oxford. how many other succulent bromeliads also function in Moran,R. 1977. Qu6hacerconCereuspensilis?CactdceasySuculentas this manner and what advantage it confers to such Mexicanas22:27-35. abovegroundrosetteplantsasthese. OldfielCdo,nsSe.rva1t99i7o.nAcCtaicotnusPlaann.dIUSuCcNc/uSleSnCtCPalcatnutssan-dSSutactcuuslenSturSvpeecyialainsdt ThePortulacaceaehaveapproximately14succulent, Group.IUCN,Cambridge,UK. oratleastfleshy-leaved, speciesinBCandBCS. These Rebman,J. P. 2001. SucculentdiversityinLowerCalifornia, Mexico. include Calandrinia, Talinum, and various Portulaca CactusandSucculentJournal(U.S.)73: 131-138. species.Themostsucculentmemberofthisfamilyfound SimpsoDni,egMo.CaonudntJ.y,Rethbimradne.di2t0io0n1..SCDheScUkliHsetrobfarthieumvaPsrceuslsa,rSpalnantDsieogfo.San locallyis Cistantheguadalupensis,whichisbothastem Wiggins, I. 1980. Flora ofBaja California. StanfordUniversityPress, andleafsucculentrestrictedtoGuadalupeIslandoffthe Stanford,California CALIFORNIA GARDEN JANUARY-FEBRUARY2003 A NEW-TO-US rubber bands out in front ofyou. Even when I really FLOWERING SUCCULENT care, it can take me over two years to identify an unfamiliar plant. I have learned the point is to try. BY BETTY NEWTON Eventuallytheadjectivesandtheplants'appearancewill mesh and you'll say, "Yes, that is it!", but until that THE TALL SLENDER STEMS wave gently in the breezealmosttwofeetabovetheplant. Theblue-gray stems—way too long for the ordinary plant—seem lightlycovered withchalk, butthe eye-catcher, even fromadistance, isthosecupsofdark, brightpurple- pink. You see it, but you do not quite believe what youseebecauseyoudonotremembereverseeingthis plantbefore. I know from whom I gotmy plant (Jeanine De Hart) and roughly with whom I have shared it (studentsinoneortwodrought-resistantplantclasses), but I do not really know its name. Well, yes, it is "Calandrinia", Jeaninetoldme. AndIcanremember thatbecause I heard the syllablemuchlike "grin" in itandhungonfordearlife! "CalanDRINia." I shall share what I do know of this excellent plant, butI am still identifyingit. I do notyetknow the species (or second or specific) name, so to show what I am thinking would be like pouring a pile of timeyouareinnoman's land. Ifyouknowthespecies ofthis plant, please write California Garden to letme know. Letusjustbethankfulforthissucculentthatseems togetcalled"rockpurslane"or"redmaids"andisinthe portulaca family. My plant in a 20-inch terra cotta, shallowbowl. Ithangs down 10 inches beyondthepot. Thoughsomeofmyreading(possiblydescribinganother species) says the flower only opens in direct sun and blooms in summer, this Calandrinia with 3-inch grey rosettesoftenblooms inlate fall, evenNovember. And it definitely makes a pretty scene under two Japanese blackpineswhereitgetsappreciableshade.WhenIread thisgenus is nativeto fourdifferentcontinents, I know Ihavenotpinnedminedownyet. Long life and wide sharing to the pretty new succulentamongus!n Betty Newton, a longtime adult education teacher, is presentingherlandscapingclassbeginningJanuary8th, seepage5. Photographsbytheauthor. 10 JANUARY-FEBRUARY2003 CALIFORNIA GARDEN