THE EXPERT’S VOICE® IN C++ C++ Standard Library Quick Reference — Peter Van Weert Marc Gregoire C++ Standard Library Quick Reference Peter Van Weert Marc Gregoire C++ Standard Library Quick Reference Peter Van Weert Marc Gregoire Kessel-Lo, Belgium Meldert, Belgium ISBN-13 (pbk): 978-1-4842-1875-4 ISBN-13 (electronic): 978-1-4842-1876-1 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4842-1876-1 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016941348 Copyright © 2016 by Peter Van Weert and Marc Gregoire This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. 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Your enthusiasm and courage will forever remain an inspiration to us all. —Peter Van Weert Contents at a Glance About the Authors ............................................................................xv About the Technical Reviewer .......................................................xvii Introduction ....................................................................................xix ■ Chapter 1: Numerics and Math .......................................................1 ■ Chapter 2: General Utilities ...........................................................23 ■ Chapter 3: Containers ...................................................................51 ■ Chapter 4: Algorithms ..................................................................81 ■ Chapter 5: Stream I/O .................................................................101 ■ Chapter 6: Characters and Strings .............................................125 ■ Chapter 7: Concurrency ..............................................................161 ■ Chapter 8: Diagnostics ...............................................................183 ■ Appendix A: Standard Library Headers ......................................195 Index ..............................................................................................201 v Contents About the Authors ............................................................................xv About the Technical Reviewer .......................................................xvii Introduction ....................................................................................xix ■ Chapter 1: Numerics and Math .......................................................1 Common Mathematical Functions ..............................................<cmath> 1 Basic Functions ........................................................................................................1 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions ...................................................................2 Power Functions .......................................................................................................2 Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions ..................................................................2 Error and Gamma Functions .....................................................................................3 Integral Rounding of Floating-Point Numbers ..........................................................3 Floating-Point Manipulation Functions .....................................................................3 Classifi cation and Comparison Functions .................................................................4 Error Handling ...........................................................................................................5 Fixed-Width Integer Types .......................................................<cstdint> 5 Arithmetic Type Properties ......................................................<limits> 5 Complex Numbers ..................................................................<complex> 8 Compile-Time Rational Numbers ..............................................<ratio> 9 Random Numbers ...................................................................<random> 10 Random Number Generators ..................................................................................10 Random Number Distributions ...............................................................................13 vii ■ CONTENTS Numeric Arrays ....................................................................<valarray> 17 std::slice ...........................................................................................................19 std::gslice .........................................................................................................20 std::mask_array ................................................................................................21 std::indirect_array ........................................................................................21 ■ Chapter 2: General Utilities ...........................................................23 Moving, Forwarding, Swapping .............................................<utility> 23 Moving ....................................................................................................................23 Forwarding .............................................................................................................25 Swapping ................................................................................................................26 Pairs and Tuples ....................................................................................26 Pairs....................................................................................................<utility> 26 Tuples .....................................................................................................<tuple> 27 Relational Operators ..............................................................<utility> 28 Smart Pointers .......................................................................<memory> 28 Exclusive-Ownership Pointers ................................................................................29 Shared-Ownership Pointers....................................................................................31 Function Objects .............................................................<functional> 33 Reference Wrappers ...............................................................................................34 Predefi ned Functors ...............................................................................................34 Generic Function Wrappers ....................................................................................35 Binding Function Arguments ..................................................................................36 Functors for Class Members ...................................................................................37 Initializer Lists .......................................................<initializer_list> 39 Date and Time Utilities ...........................................................<chrono> 39 Durations ................................................................................................................40 Time Points .............................................................................................................41 Clocks .....................................................................................................................41 C-style Date and Time Utilities ...............................................................<ctime> 42 viii ■ CONTENTS C-Style File Utilities ................................................................<cstdio> 45 Type Utilities ..........................................................................................45 Runtime Type Identifi cation .....................................<typeinfo>, <typeindex> 45 Type Traits ...................................................................................<type_traits> 46 ■ Chapter 3: Containers ...................................................................51 Iterators ...............................................................................<iterator> 51 Iterator Tags ............................................................................................................52 Non-Member Functions to Get Iterators .................................................................53 Non-Member Operations on Iterators .....................................................................54 Sequential Containers ...........................................................................54 std::vector .......................................................................................<vector> 54 std::deque ...........................................................................................<deque> 60 std::array ...........................................................................................<array> 60 std::list and std::forward_list ......................<list>, <forward_list> 61 Sequential Containers Reference ...........................................................................63 std::bitset .......................................................................................<bitset> 66 Container Adaptors ................................................................................67 std::queue ...........................................................................................<queue> 68 std::priority_queue ........................................................................<queue> 68 std::stack ...........................................................................................<stack> 69 Example ..................................................................................................................69 Reference ...............................................................................................................70 Ordered Associative Containers ............................................................71 std::map and std::multimap .................................................................<map> 71 std::set and std::multiset .................................................................<set> 72 Searching ...............................................................................................................72 Order of Elements ...................................................................................................73 Complexity ..............................................................................................................73 Reference ...............................................................................................................73 ix