UDC 821  Вестник СПбГУ. Востоковедение и африканистика. 2018. Т. 10. Вып. 2 Interpretations of Fyodor Dostoevsky’s “The Idiot” by Akira Kurosawa and Andrzej Wajda: A comparative analysis X. Wang Lomonosov Moscow State University 1, Leninskie gory, Moscow, 119234, Russian Federation For citation: Wang X. Interpretations of Fyodor Dostoevsky’s “The Idiot” by Akira Kurosawa and Andrzej Wajda: A comparative analysis. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies, 2018, vol. 10, issue 2, pp. 159–175. https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu13.2018.202 Literary heritage of Fyodor Dostoevsky has always presented an attraction for world cinema encouraging and inspiring filmmakers from different countries including Asia to rethink and reinterpret the works of this outstanding Russian writer again and again. A remarkable effort toward “re-coding” of Dostoevsky’s narrative was made by Asian cinematography, namely by Akira Kurosawa, a Japanese film director and screenwriter. “The Idiot” directed by Kurosawa holds a special place among other adaptations of Dostoyevsky’s masterpiece primarily on account of this film exhibiting free and bold changes as regards the place and time of action. In Kurosawa’s interpretation events unfold in post-war Japan of the mid-20th century around Japanese characters brought together on a snowy island of Hokkaido. Placing the story in a Japanese frame and content Kurosawa makes the film not a mere illustration of Dostoevsky’s novel, but succeeds in accurately transmitting the spirit of the masterpiece. This significant Japanese film director and screenwriter reveals a deep understanding of the Russian world while remaining an informed transmitter or bearer of Asian culture. The way Kurosawa approaches Dostoevsky’s novel constitutes his subjective rethinking of this literary work observed through the lense of his homeland’s history and national tradition. Ancient Asian culture is clearly seen both in the storyline and visual imaging of the film. Like in his other films, in «The Idiot» Kurosawa introduces the Noh drama. This paper attempts to analyze Akira Kurosawa and Andrzej Wajda’s cinematic narratives, to identify characteristics of their artistic styles, and to reveal some specific features of adapting Russian classics in an Eastern cultural context. Keywords: Fyodor Dostoevsky, The Idiot, Akira Kurosawa, Nastasja, Andrzej Wajda, Noh Drama, Kabuki. The idea to transfer the masterpiece “The Idiot” by Dostoevsky to the medium of “moving photography” was brewing within cinematographic circles from the very incep- tion of the art of cinema. For instance, the eponymous film by P. Chardynin premiered in the film studio of A. Khanzhonkov in 1910. Literary heritage of Dostoevsky has been a point of attraction for many Russian filmmakers (I. Pyr’ev, V. Bortko, R. Kachanov) as well as for cinematographers from other countries and has until now lost none of its rel- evance — the fact that, if anything, only confirms the enduring human value of the novel authored by that outstanding Russian novelist. When it comes to adjusting literary masterpieces to screen, filmmakers are primarily challenged with choosing between the two approaches — that of descriptive (or narrative) © Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет, 2018 https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu13.2018.202 159 screen adaptation and that of filmmaker’s own interpretation. While the former is aimed mainly at conveying a writer’s ideas to a wide audience, the latter is construed as a way for a filmmaker to focus on his or her own subjective experience and apprehension with respect to the original source, and it is there that conceptual, at times experimental artistic techniques are employed. A true mastery would be capable of achieving harmony between these two perspectives. Screen adaptation of a literary piece is a major challenge when the filmmaker belongs outside the culture which the author of the work represents. Besides, adaptation requires not only transformation of a written into a visual text, but, more significantly, re-writing one cultural code in terms of another. In this regard two films named “The Idiot” and “Nastasja”, one of which was directed by a Japanese film director and screenwriter Akira Kurosawa (1951) and the other — by a world-famous Polish cinematographist Andrzej Wajda (1994) seem to be especially inter- esting and promising research areas. Both film-makers seem to comprehend a similarity of fundamental principles in Dostoevskian and Japanese aesthetics. Through a compara- tive approach this study is aimed at analyzing the “film language” as well as at revealing key artistic techniques and concepts of the two film makers as regards their re-interpre- tation of “The Idiot” by Dostoevsky. This study is also focused on the specificity of re- interpretations which appears whenever a Russian literary classic is set in the context of an oriental culture. One of the earlier significant non-Russian cinematic interpretations of Dostoevsky’s novel was produced by a French director Georges Lampin who filmed “The Idiot” in 1946. The part played by young Gérard Philipe was one of the first and vibrant parts in his ca- reer. While using traditional film-making techniques, Georges Lampin offers his subjec- tive reading of the heroes’ characters and conflicts arising between them in accordance with his own contemporary world and cultural peculiarities of his homeland. Thus, he provides Prince Myshkin with more physical resemblance with Jesus Christ and leading edge thinking on social issues. In his speech before the Yepanchins Myshkin passion- ately declares his principles of commitment to social changes and reformation. As for the Yepanchins they are presented in film as proponents of conservative and cynical views. Rogozhin appears to be a discreet bourgeois and thus the conflict between Prince Mysh- kin and Rogozhin is deeply grounded in class contradictions. The Japanese developed an interest to Dostoevsky’s writing quite a long time ago. The first encounter of Japanese readership with the writer’s masterpieces happened in 1892 when the Japanese translation of “Crime and Punishment” made by Uchida Roan from an English version of the novel was released. A Japanese translation of “The Idiot” appeared in 1914. The literary heritage of the great Russian novelist had a tremendous im- pact on Japanese literature of a new age. Inspired by Dostoevsky’s poetics, Ftabatei Simei, a Japanese writer and translator of Russian literature, authored “Floating Cloud” — a signif- icant novella for this era [1]. «After the defeat of Japanese militarism in 1945 in the ruins of the country, in the atmosphere of liberation and existential psychology Japanese intel- ligentsia were very excited about Dostoevsky writing» [1, p. 181]. This was the grounds for a new “school of Dostoevsky” in Japanese literature which was represented by a number of eminent writers. “The Dostoevsky creative writing became a kind of guidance for them, a mirror reflecting agony of consciousness”. Modern literary thought of Japan still employs expression “Experience of Dostoevsky” [1, p. 186]. 160 Вестник СПбГУ. Востоковедение и африканистика. 2018. Т. 10. Вып. 2 And it is during this time that Akira Kurosawa, who had a keen interest in Fyodor Dostoevsky’s writings since his childhood, embarked on a screen adaptation of Dosto- evsky’s novel “The Idiot”. By then his name had become widely known due to the film “Rashomon” (羅生門 Rashōmon). Concerning his decision to make an adaptation of “The Idiot” Kurosawa said the following: «I had wanted to make this film long before “Rashomon” … Since I was little I’ve liked Russian literature, and have read the greater part of it, but I find that I like Dostoevsky the best, and had long thought that this book would make a wonderful film. He is still my favorite author, and he is the one — I still think who writes most honestly about human existence» [2, p. 81]. Deep humanity of the writer seemed to Kurosawa highly relevant to Japan of his day. «He has this power of compassion. And then he refuses to turn his eyes away; he, too, looks; he, too, suffers. There is something which is more than human, better than human about him» [2, p. 81]. Kurosawa did not treat the novel as a finished, fully shaped substance, whether we are talking about the narrative plan or the way of seeing the human soul, but rather he saw in it a conceptual framework that could be used to reflect on his own history and personal attitude. The events of the novel are carried from Saint Petersburg of the 1860s to the snowy island of Hokkaido of the mid-20th century. Well-known characters of Dostoevsky’s “The Idiot” — Prince Myshkin, Nastasya Filippovna and Parfyon Rogozhin — are replaced by Japanese characters with typical Japanese names, looks, style of dress and communication etiquette. These changes in time and place are intended not merely to adapt the novel for Japa- nese audience but rather to express one’s heartfelt response provoked by the encounter with the novel. In fact “The Idiot” was created in an atmosphere of increasing polarization within Russian society, of a breakaway from traditional values, it was the time when the souls of new generation according to Lizaveta Yepanchina were filled with “chaos, out- rage”. “Our age of crime and railways” — this is how the author identifies his modernity through the mouth of another character. A similar situation was evident in Japan almost a century later. The country which had been closed to the outside world for centuries was going through a time when mil- lennial traditions were being shattered during rapid industrialization and the actual tran- sition from a feudal system to a capitalism, which involved economic and moral crises, whereby lots of suffering was being experienced from the loss of identity compounded by the military defeat and subsequent American occupation. At the end of the war the Japanese people were in a confused state terrified by an unknown future; at the same time many of them were filled with the joy of life at the thought that they had escaped an “Hon- orable Death of the Hundred Million”. The day of the Japanese capitulation was recalled by Kurosawa painfully and vividly in his memoir “Something Like an Autobiography”: «On August 15, 1945, I was summoned to the studio along with everyone else to listen to the momentous proclamation on the radio: the Emperor himself was to speak over the air waves. I will never forget the scenes I saw as I walked the streets that day. On the way from Sōshigaya to the studios in Kinuta the shopping street looked fully prepared Вестник СПбГУ. Востоковедение и африканистика. 2018. Т. 10. Вып. 2 161 for the Honorable Death of the Hundred Million. The atmosphere was tense, panicked. There were even shop owners who had taken their Japanese swords from their sheaths and sat staring at the bare blades. However, when I walked the same route back to my home after listening to the imperial proclamation, the scene was entirely different. The people on the shopping street were bustling about with cheerful faces as if preparing for a festival next day» [3, p. 145]. Inspired by his experience of post-war Japan Kurosawa transforms Dostoevsky’s hero Prince Myshkin into a Japanese man named Kinji Kameda who returns to Japan not from a Swiss sanatorium but from Okinawa where he has been treated in an American army hospital. Kurosawa’s hero is a former prisoner of war of the American army who was accused of a crime and nearly executed. He escaped death by minutes when the Ameri- cans had got an exculpatory evidence. The hero, like the majority of Japanese people, was forced to pay for the sins of his country’s past. Kameda lives directly — it was his personal experience — what Dostoevsky’s Prince Myshkin knows about from the outside, what Dostoevsky experienced himself on the scaffold, and what people of Japan felt at the very end of the war. Believing that he has only few minutes before execution, unaware of his imminent reprieve, Kameda is consumed with immense love and compassion to all living creatures. Comparing to Dostoevsky’s Prince Myshkin who managed to retain his childish worldview due to his congenital disease, it is the whole experience that has led Kameda to his illness. Kameda’s infinite goodness and compassion appear a posteriori, resulting in his mental shock. The theme of suffering, as critics note, is an integral part of Kurasawa’s conceptual framework being “the kind of redemptive model it offered the culture during this chaotic time” [4, p. 70]: “With defeat in World War II, many Japanese, who had made the objectives of the nation their objectives in life, were dumbfounded to find that the government had lied to them and was neither just nor dependable. During this uncertain time Akira Kurosawa, in a series of first-rate films, sustained the people by his consistent assertion that the meaning of life is not dictated by the nation but something each individual should discover for himself through suffering” [5, p. 116]. Kurosawa perceives excellent qualities of his hero as expressing the highest degree of catharsis which a Japanese person being in a state of post-war stress and trauma should be striving for. Kurosawa’s film is segmented into two parts, “Love and Suffering” and “Love and Hate.” While setting the narrative in Japan Kurosawa focuses primarily on the main plot line reducing the other lines and secondary characters. At the heart of the story is Kameda (Prince Myshkin) with his refined susceptibility, pure, innocent and lofty soul in his na- ivety — and sometimes even saintliness, and the love quadrangle between Kameda, Taeko Nasu (Nastasya Filippovna), Denkichi Akama (Parfyon Rogozhin) and Ayako (Aglaya). The film opens with Kameda’s scream when he wakes up from a terrible dream about the exile. The opening scene introduces the hero as a third-class passenger of a ship ar- riving in Hokkaido. Kameda tells Akama about his memories of the keen perception of existence he experienced before exile. Akama looks at him leniently and patronizingly. The two of them meet for the first time. The scene of Kameda and Akama’s meeting is intended to expose main features of their characters masterfully embodied by the two remarkable actors of their generation — namely Masayuki Mori and Toshiro Mifune. Ku- 162 Вестник СПбГУ. Востоковедение и африканистика. 2018. Т. 10. Вып. 2 rosawa’s choice of actors for this film was very accurate. Mifune with whom the director started collaborating as early as in 1948 was an inexhaustible source of unbridled life force and fitted the role of Rogozhin perfectly. Masayuki Mori well known for his subtle, psychological acting, with his chiseled twitchy face which expressed quivering compassion sparkling in his eyes, turned out to be exactly the “good and beautiful person” in line with the Dostoevsky’s concept. [6, p. 134]. Setsuko Hara, one of the most prominent actresses of the Japanese cinema, embodied the passionate and proud image of a Japanese Nastasya Filippovna. In his study “The Films of Akira Kurosawa” Richie claims that “Kurosawa’s choice of Hokkaido as locale seems due to its long contact with Russia; it might be thought closer to Dostoevsky’s milieu than any other area in Japan. In this northern island the traditional modes of Japanese living are not common. Chairs and tables are widely used, for example. At the same time the people have some of that peculiarly inward quality which one finds in snow-countries” [2, c. 81]. The climate on Hokkaido is, indeed, very similar to that of Russia. The very first scenes of the film, where Akama and Kameda arrive to Sapporo, picture a real winter sea- son atmosphere: a heavy snowfall, wooden houses sunk in snow up to their roofs. There is a blizzard, too, and the Russian song called “Monotonously the little bell is sounding” is heard from the loudspeaker. That is why the audience may often feel ambiguous about the epoch and the country in which the story is set. “Feather-legged” horses harnessed together in a shaft bow with bells pulling a wooden sledge, snow banks, a boy in a dog-sled carrying firewood, pauper street vendors… and a juxtaposition with trams and nice cars. However, it is difficult to agree with Richie’s suggestion about Kurosawa’ motivation in his choice of Hokkaido as locale. External resemblance between Hokkaido and Russia seems to be something merely superficial. Deeper insight reveals that Kurosawa framed the narrative within a specific time and place setting. Thus, in the second part of Dosto- evsky’s novel events unfold in the summer, partly in the town of Pavlovsk, yet Kurosawa chooses winter Hokkaido to set the scene for his adaptation. The disproportion between the huge snow banks and small human figures seems to reinforce the tense and ominous vibe of irrationality. Kaneda’s getting lost in a snowstorm precedes the scene of his first epileptic seizure: the city appears as if in a deformed shape and eventually becomes a trap for him. The snow acquires double symbolic-metaphorical interpretation: on the one hand, it represents the symbol of purity and innocence, white being the color of a wedding dress which neither of the heroines is destined to wear, on the other hand, it symbolizes death, as white is the color of mourning in Japanese and Chinese cultures. It is always present in all key scenes of the film, including indoor ones. The scene of Taeko’s birthday is remarkable. Every detail here has very serious con- tent and purport. Numerous plants in her house convey the impression of a warm and cozy greenhouse, but the snow on its glass ceiling points to a cold forthcoming storm. Transparency of the room also emphasizes vulnerability of the heroine and the lack of confidentiality, as her private life is put on display for the entire world to see. “Dostoevsky by nature had a keen sense of life and death which was grounded in the very depths of his essence” [7, p. 9]. This was largely due to his life experience and epilepsy, during the seizures his body and soul were in between these two conditions. Вестник СПбГУ. Востоковедение и африканистика. 2018. Т. 10. Вып. 2 163 From the diary of the writer’s wife, we learn that while working on his novel the writer was struck by seizures especially frequently. “In these moments his face was scary to such an extent that, that I was just terrified of him … He kept saying that he was afraid to die so terribly and I should look after him” [8, p. 189–190]. The novel is permeated with a sense of fear of death and a desire to comprehend its meaning. Akira Kurosawa managed to embody this motif into visual imaging. It looks like we see death running around in the air, hiding in the constant and ubiquitous snow. First encounter of Kameda with Taeko Nasu (Nastasya Filippovna), more precisely, with her portrait in a photo shop window, also occurs in the presence of the shadow of death. The glass reflects Akama and Kameda with beautiful Taeko between them as if her portrait were the central image on an Orthodox triptych with the upcoming figures symmetrically located on both sides of it (Fig. 1). Taeko, like the Virgin, illuminated by spiritual light, evokes a feeling of solemn sorrow. At the same time the picture where she is portrayed in a white background reminds of a photo of a deceased person. Kameda who sympathizes with Taeko’s misfortune and is moved almost to tears mourns her in advance. Thus, the director predicts the fate of the heroine and illustrates vividly the contrasting attitudes of the main characters to her, as their love is so different. Fig. 1. Movie still from Akira Kurosawa’s “Idiot”, 1951 In his childhood, Kurosawa had studied painting, later it came in handy for him in directing. Kurosawa drew detailed storyboards for his films, which were then carefully and accurately embodied in cinematic imagery. In the scene at the photo shop window the geometricity of Kurosawa’s frame is revealed — the exact spatial arrangement of two or multi-figured compositions — which is what will happen many times over the course of the film. The narrative moves along with the main storyline of Dostoevsky: Kameda gets acquainted with the Ono family (the Epanchins), tells Ayako (Aglaya Epanchina) in detail about his failed execution and about a promise he made that he would become kinder to everyone if released. It is no accident that the Ono family keeps a farm, part of the revenue from which belongs to Kameda. In the scene of Kameda’s walk with Ayako over the snowy field, the girl asks him a significant question: “If it were your pasture, would you be happy? If the cows were yours?” It is a widely known fact that Dostoevsky imparted to the image of 164 Вестник СПбГУ. Востоковедение и африканистика. 2018. Т. 10. Вып. 2 Prince Myshkin some features of Christ as the Good Shepherd. Besides, the surname of Nastasya Filippovna — Barashkova — originates from a Russian noun which meaning “lamb”, in the Gospel the image of the lamb symbolizes sacrifice and resurrection. In the same manner as with Taeko’s icon portrait Kurosawa further elaborates Dostoevsky’s theological motif. A consequence of Shochiku studio’s involvement in this film, making the editing done without the director’s consent, was the presence of certain plot inconsistency, and yet we cannot fail to recognize Kurosawa’s deep understanding of Dostoyevsky’s narrative which is at the core of his knowledge of Western Christian ideology, and, most importantly, Kurosawa’s talent to expound and present his reading in a completely different cultural milieu. Of significance is the episode where Kameda slapped Kayama (Ganya Ivolgin) in the face. Analysis of this scene reveals the importance of the details of the interior in Kayama’s house. Sliding doors are decorated with hieroglyphic inscriptions — quotations from poetry books and studies on the history of ancient China. One of the quotes comes from a biography of emperor Di Ku which is described in the Chinese text entitled “The Records of the Scribes” (Shǐjì 史記) compiled by Sīmǎ Qiān in 104 BC. Kurosawa implements his interpretation of Dostoevsky’s novel through the prism of the national tradition of his country and its Chinese origins, where the values of goodness and compassion play a crucial role. In this scene, a non-Japanese audience, perhaps, for the first time during the film, gets an idea to compare Kurosawa’s style with the techniques of Japanese classical theater. When slapped, Kameda puts his hand on his cheek with a gesture that closely resembles kata (ritualized, symbolic movements) practiced by Noh actors. Generally speaking, the striking feature of all the characters’ gestures is that they are restrained, sharpened, skillfully crafted, especially with Kameda. At times, especially when he is worried — which happens all too often considering his fragile health — Kameda holds his cupped palms to his throat (Fig. 2). In another scene Kameda uses a gesture of sorrow typical to Noh play. Fig. 2. Movie still from Akira Kurosawa’s “Idiot”, 1951 Вестник СПбГУ. Востоковедение и африканистика. 2018. Т. 10. Вып. 2 165 And the recognizable melody by Edward Grieg “In the Hall of the Mountain King” then starts playing. Restraint and perfection of all movements, which highlight immense inwardly directed energy, are the features which distinguish Noh theater and it is those traits that become an important focus in Kurosawa’s narrative. Once noticing this, one cannot avoid having further associations discovering that the main actors of the drama are nothing but masks. Personality of a Noh actor vanishes completely being swallowed by the character of the mask and that is how the actor finds his own true nature. In case of Kurosawa’s film the audience following the actors’ play, which is conceived of as embodying the mask, is able to embrace the very depth of feeling and experience. Kurosawa, along with Dostoevsky’s concept, emphasizes suffering as the most significant reality displayed in “The Idiot”. Catharsis, comprehension of the deep human essence, become possible through complete integration and dissolution. The narrative moves further; the experience of execution by a firing squad, which Kameda went through is fundamental for him and leads the character through a tangle of human passions with their struggle of pride versus greed, humiliation versus power, and a desperate desire for happiness shot through a tapestry of endless human suffering. Kameda meets Taeko’s gaze, and he has a sudden memory flash of a twenty-year-old man who was shot dead in his plain sight. That look on the condemned prisoner’s face seemed as if it were asking a question: “Why do I deserve this pain?” This abstract image of the condemned prisoner from Dostoevsky’s novel is interpreted by Kurosawa as a war martyr — a significant association for the Japanese as well as for other nations struggling to emerge from a war trauma. Seeing this image of Taeko, Kameda sees her real self, suffering and fragile. He tells her about it. And again the scene is geometrically exact. Two people, located in the frame symmetrically relative to its center, the actors are cast facing each other with their profiles oriented towards the viewer. In the middle of the crowd, these two understand each other, really see each other. Another important psychological pattern which Kurosawa considered important to emphasize is the human ability to look and hold their gaze, without taking their eyes off the object; in particular, this is what constitutes geometry of Kurosawa’s shooting frames. Noh actors may stand a few steps apart, but they do not feel each other’s presence until they have faced each other. Kurosawa’s film presents a dialogue of souls which is always indicated by faces mutually turned towards each other, scenes are arranged in a special manner: side characters are usually located at right angles to main ones. Such geometric clarity of all important mise-en-scenes is characteristic of the narrative as a whole. If other characters are present in the scene except those who participate in the dialogue, they often form a certain frame shaped into a regular polygon with the main characters at its center, such as in the Figure 3. Items of the interior perform the same function. For example, they can divide a frame into regular halves or demarcate the space in which a significant character is located. Geometry of stage being something Kurosawa manages perfectly, he is equally adroit at creating an “atmosphere” of a scene. Interiors featured in the film are typical of Japan of that time. European style prevails, however, and some elements of traditional lifestyles, as in the room of Akama’s mother are engaged as well. Ubiquitously applied geometry in 166 Вестник СПбГУ. Востоковедение и африканистика. 2018. Т. 10. Вып. 2 Fig. 3. Movie still from Akira Kurosawa’s “Idiot”, 1951 the play of light and shadow combined with geometry of arranging human figures leaves a strong impression of particular uncanny gloominess. Most of the scenes take place in shadows, twilight, in semi-dark rooms. In that regard Kurosawa completely follows the original. Andre Gide asserts: “In Dostoevsky’s books, as in a Rembrandt portrait, the shadows are essential” [quot. from 9, p. 47]. This artistic technique appeals to Japanese culture, as Junichiro Tanizaki, one of the major authors of modern Japanese literature, most vividly displays in his aesthetic essay “In Praise of Shadows” where he attests that the shadow is the very essence of Japanese aesthetics. “The Idiot” is perhaps the darkest (in the literal sense) Kurosawa’s film. This applies not only to high concentration of mental suffering, but also to presence of light in the frame. Most of the episodes are filmed in a shaded studio, and the street ones — in the dark, where even snow banks seem black. Narrow and dark hallways and staircases in Akama’s house, streaks of moisture on the walls, snow banks lying right in cross passages leading to other parts of the house… The long and terrifying scene of Kameda’s seizure is constructed with the use of flitting shadows and shifting space. In the night scene on the ice rink, demonic masks with burning torches appear to the sounds of Mussorgsky’s “A Night on Bald Mountain” only to increase the tension that is being escalated little by little as events unfold. Kurosawa’s key characters form the following oppositions: Taeko — Akama, Taeko — Kameda, Kameda — Akama, Kameda — Ayako, Taeko — Ayako. Main scenes with the pairs of contrasted characters may be conceived of as two-figure symmetrical compositions in which a vibration of the powerful energy of the opposites occurs. If Dostoevsky’s “The Idiot” is intended to portray a “good and beautiful person”, Kurosawa’s film is also construed as embracing vibrating interactions of the opposites’ mutual attraction-repulsion which is where the director sharpens specific artistic techniques, such as the geometry of relationships, where the elusive movements of human souls take a visible form of two- or multi-figure arrangements shaped according to the principles of pictorial composition. Equilibrium, diagonal or shifted lines of figures in the frame pulse with internal energy of passion. Japan is a country whose heart beats in its landscapes, the sounds and forms of this ancient civilization. The canon of Noh theater, which dates back to the 14th century, is Вестник СПбГУ. Востоковедение и африканистика. 2018. Т. 10. Вып. 2 167 one of those forms. The principles of Noh play are evident in the scene of Ayako and Taeko’s meeting in Akama’s house. Ayako and Kameda are very slow at the moment they enter the house. Their movements are so slow that, passing by the transparent stained- glass window with circles and squares, they seem to float in synchronism with the time itself which is relentlessly counting seconds before the tragic denouement. Movements are smooth, postures are static. Taeko wears a black dress almost entirely covering her figure, resembling a cape of death, her elongated silhouette is almost motionless. The faces — frozen, and at the same time, paradoxically, surprisingly alive — narrate a silent dialogue of two women by smallest changes of facial expressions, by eyes and movements of eyebrows. The motions of the figures are symbolic, as are the angles of faces’ rotation and camera angles. All actors are located in two mutually perpendicular planes: the women facing each other, the men at an angle of ninety degrees to them looking forward, peering into the void. Long pauses, fueling tension, a fire suddenly flashing in the stove — a symbol of passion. Faces appearing in close-ups cause an association with living Noh masks which clearly manifest what characters deeply feel. Slow movements and frozen postures echo the manner Noh actors play engaging “especially expressive rhythms of performing arts, when the actors, freeze motionless for a moment in certain poses to show that the action or feeling has reached the culmination” [10, p. 135]. The Japanese and the European concepts and understandings of the mask have fundamental distinctions. Japanese culture empowers the mask not to conceal but to disclose and express the character played by the actor and to concentrate aesthetic culmination of human passions in a symbolic form. “The Idiot” is, perhaps, the most meditative film ever made by Akira Kurosawa. While watching the film, at times, the viewer is affected by a cognitive dissonance: on the one hand, it is obvious that the events take place in Japan, with Japanese behavioral patterns represented throughout, on the other hand, one cannot turn a blind eye to the fact that this is Dostoevsky, as both narratives — of Kurosawa and Dostoevsky — are similar in form and content. Thus, Kurosawa’s characters are perceived as referring simultaneously to different cultural traditions. Akama’s mother sitting in the traditional pose of Japanese women — on her knees — at the altar, arranging an offering of cake, followed by making traditional Japanese tea — the woman at some point morphs into a perfect image of Rogozhin’s mother as portrayed by Dostoevsky, although she fully remains Akama’s mother too. Thus, Dostoevsky’s aesthetics and concepts as well as the ancient Japanese tradition are closely intertwined in Kurasawa’s style. Being able to creatively penetrate deeply into the world of the Russian culture Akira Kurosawa still remains an invariable carrier of oriental tradition and world outlook, in particular, as regards religious concepts representing ideas of death. The scene at Rogozhin’s house is infused by Dostoevsky with the atmosphere of grim mystery and impending tragedy of murder. This special atmosphere of mystery, anxiety and unbearable burden does not come so much from the havoc in the heroes’ hearts or from the awareness of their tragic fate, but from the inevitability of the redeeming sacrifice they have to make. By giving this episode a Buddhist tranquility, Kurosawa softens despair. In this scene, Kameda and Akama exchange amulets instead of crosses as in Dostoevsky’s “The Idiot”. The amulet of the former is a stone which Kameda was clutching during seizure that struck him right before his execution was called off. The cross of Dostoevsky’s Prince Myshkin has a different origin, bought from a soldier who 168 Вестник СПбГУ. Востоковедение и африканистика. 2018. Т. 10. Вып. 2