1 Building the Church as Family of God: Evaluation of Small Christian Communities in Eastern Africa By Joseph G. Healey, MM AMECEA Gaba Publications – CUEA Press Double Spearhead Nos. 199-200 (2012 Print Version) Online Digital (Ebook or Electronic Book) Version Updated as a Free Ebook as of 20 October, 2017 2 Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................................... 2 DEDICATION .................................................................................................................................................. 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................................ 5 FOREWORD ................................................................................................................................................... 7 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 10 1. SCCS IN THE HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF 56 YEARS (1961 TO 2017) IN THE AMECEA REGION19 2. QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF THE GROWTH OF SCCS IN THE AMECEA REGION ....................... 93 3. QUALITATIVE EVALUATION OF THE GROWTH OF SCCS IN THE AMECEA REGION ....................... 125 4. FOUR CASE STUDIES OF SCCS IN EASTERN AFRICA ........................................................................... 205 5. HOW SCCS PROMOTE RECONCILIATION, JUSTICE AND PEACE IN EASTERN AFRICA .................... 218 6. SCCS’ CONTRIBUTION TO THE PRAXIS AND THEOLOGY OF THE CHURCH AS FAMILY OF GOD IN AFRICA ....................................................................................................................................................... 239 7. EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF SCCS IN THE AMECEA REGION ................................................... 288 8. EVALUATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF AMECEA’S SCCS IN AFRICA AND AROUND THE WORLD .... 302 9. THE FUTURE IS NOW: USING THE INTERNET TO PROMOTE SCCS IN AFRICA AND AROUND THE WORLD ....................................................................................................................................................... 343 10. PROMOTING THE MISSIONARY OUTREACH OF SCCS IN THE AMECEA REGION ........................... 540 11. SCCS’ INVOLVEMENT IN THE NEW EVANGELIZATION IN EASTERN AFRICA ................................ 558 12. SCCS PROMOTE FAMILY AND MARRIAGE MINISTRY IN EASTERN AFRICA .................................. 581 13. TRACKING THE GROWTH OF YOUTH SMALL CHRISTIAN COMMUNITIES (YSCCS) ..................... 668 14. HOW SCCS ARE A NEW WAY OF BEING/BECOMING CHURCH IN EASTERN AFRICA .................... 714 15. HOW SCCS ARE A NEW PASTORAL MODEL OF CHURCH IN EASTERN AFRICA ............................. 719 16. FUTURE CHALLENGES, PRIORITIES AND ACTIONS FOR SCCS IN THE AMECEA REGION ............. 741 17. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS: THE WAY FORWARD .............................................................................. 752 APPENDIX: 25 ONLINE E-RESOURCE MATERIALS ON THE ON-GOING FORMATION AND TRAINING OF SMALL CHRISTIAN COMMUNITY (SCC) MEMBERS ........................................................................... 754 SELECT ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BOOKS, BOOKLETS, ARTICLES, REPORTS, PAPERS AND PRINTED MATERIALS AND OTHER RESOURCES ................................................................................... 898 DVDS/VIDEOS/PRESENTATIONS/AUDIO-VISUAL RESOURCES ........................................................... 960 INTERNET RESOURCES/WEBSITES/E-RESOURCES............................................................................... 965 ABOUT THE AUTHOR ............................................................................................................................... 974 3 Map of the Nine AMECEA Countries 4 Dedication To the founders and visionaries who created AMECEA1 Small Christian Communities (SCCs)2 Key Pastoral Priority especially the Catholic bishops and other participants in the 1973, 1976 and 1979 AMECEA Plenary Meetings. Two of these bishops are Bishop Patrick Kalilombe, MAfr, the Bishop of Lilongwe Diocese in Malawi who died in 2012 and Bishop Christopher Mwoleka, the Bishop of Rulenge Diocese in Tanzania who died in 2002.3 To the hundreds of thousands of lay people in Eastern Africa who faithfully and joyfully participate in the weekly meetings and various activities of their Small Christian Communities. 1 AMECEA is an acronym for "Association of Member Episcopal Conferences in Eastern Africa." It is a service organization for the National Episcopal Conferences of the nine English-speaking countries of Eastern Africa, namely Eritrea (1993), Ethiopia (1979), Kenya (1961), Malawi (1961), South Sudan (2011), Sudan (1973), Tanzania (1961), Uganda (1961) and Zambia (1961). The Republic of South Sudan became independent on 9 July, 2011, but the two Sudans remain part of one Episcopal Conference. Somalia (1995) and Djibouti (2002) are Affiliate Members. AMECEA is one of the eight Regional Episcopal Conferences of SECAM (Symposium of Episcopal Conferences of Africa and Madagascar). 2 In Eastern Africa we capitalize the terms “Small Christian Community” (SCC) and “Small Christian Communities” (SCCs) because it is a key pastoral priority in our parishes and dioceses and the official pastoral policy of the Catholic bishops. 3 Other bishops who are among the founding fathers of SCCs in the AMECEA countries were Bishop Joseph Blomjous, MAfr of Mwanza Diocese, Tanzania (who died in 1992), Bishop Vincent McCauley, CSC (the Bishop Fort Portal, Uganda and both the Chairperson of AMECEA 1964-1973 and Secretary General of AMECEA who died in 1982), Archbishop Raphael Ndingi Mwana’a Nzeki the retired archbishop of Nairobi Archdiocese, Kenya, Bishop Colin Davies, MHM of Ngong Diocese, Kenya (who died in 2017) and Archbishop James Odongo, the retired archbishop of Tororo Archdiocese, Uganda and Chairperson of AMECEA from 1973-1979. Bishops of recent years who have been deeply committed to SCCs include Bishop Joseph Mukwaya of Kiyinda-Mityana Diocese, Uganda (who died in 2008), Cardinal Medardo Mazombwe of Lusaka Archdiocese, Zambia (who died in 2013), Bishop Rodrigo Mejia, SJ, the retired bishop of the Soddo Apostolic Vicariate, Ethiopia, Cardinal Polycarp Pengo, the Archbishop of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Bishop Method Kilaini, the Auxiliary Bishop of Bukoba Diocese, Tanzania. 5 Acknowledgements This book is a team effort, a community effort. Many, many people have contributed anecdotes, case studies, data, documents, examples, experiences, ideas, insights, quotations, resources, statistics, stories and suggestions as seen in the extensive list of names in the “Bibliography” and “Index.” I mention: • The Catholic Bishops in the nine AMECEA countries who have taken ownership of this AMECEA Small Christian Communities Key Pastoral Priority during this 44-year (1973-2017) period. • The African theologians who have articulated the theological framework for this new model of church from the bottom up. • The teams of SCC animators, facilitators, trainers and coordinators who have developed a Training of Trainers (TOT) or Training of Facilitators4 style of training and leadership. • The members of the Eastern Africa Small Christian Communities (SCCs) Training Team (based in Nairobi, Kenya),5 the Small Christian Communities (SCCs) Global Collaborative Website Coordinating Team6 and the Small 4 Also called Training of Facilitators (TOF), a term that can be less daunting or threatening to people. We use the principal in the famous proverb, give a person a fish and you feed the person for a day; teach a person to fish and you feed the person for a lifetime. We provide people with SCCs resources and tools. 5 Presently the Eastern Africa Small Christian Communities (SCCs) Training Team has 14 members: 13 Africans (9 from Kenya, one from Zambia, one from Malawi and one from Tanzania), and one expatriate missionary based in Eastern Africa. There are six laymen, two laywomen, five priests and one religious sister. The age range: 70s: 3 60s: 1 50s: 3 40s: 1 30s: 3 20s: 3 Their names in alphabetical order are: Emmanuel Chimombo, Joseph Healey, Rita Ishengoma, Peter Kyalo, Bernard Mberere, Moses Muriira, Lawrence Murori, Rose Musimba, Nancy Njehia, Francis Njuguna, Alloys Nyakundi, Alphonce Omolo, Febian Pikiti and Edwin Wesonga. NOTE: In the ever shifting landscape of politically correct and inclusive language, “expatriate,” the common British word, or “international” is preferred to “foreign.” 6 Presently the Small Christian Communities (SCCs) Global Collaborative Website Coordinating Team has 13 members: women and men, different nationalities, different religious denominations, different ethnic groups and different ages. 6 Christian Communities (SCCs) Email Mailing List7 and their collaborators who continue to evaluate the past, celebrate the present and explore the future.8 • And especially the SCC members themselves who have shared with us and taught us so much about this new way of being (becoming) church. 7 Presently the Small Christian Communities (SCCs Email Mailing List has 40 members. 8 The complete list of SCCs Email Mailing Lists/SCCs Networks are: a. Eastern Africa Small Christian Communities (SCCs) Training Team. b. Small Christian Communities (SCCs) Global Collaborative Website Coordinating Team (names on the SCCs website plus key people). c. Small Christian Communities (SCCs) Email Mailing List. 7 Foreword If Small Christian Communities (SCCs) are a “New Way of Being/Becoming Church,” then it is appropriate that this is a new way of writing a “Foreword.” We are not well-known people (important leaders or celebrities). We are seven ordinary Kenyan Catholic lay members of St. Kizito SCC located in Waruku, an informal settlement area (lower class housing) in Nairobi, Kenya. We are one of the 129 neighborhood, parish-based SCCs in St. Austin’s Parish10 in Nairobi Archdiocese. We are five men and two women representing five ethnic groups11 in Kenya. We have a variety of professions: three cooks, a farmer, a freelance photographer, a salesperson and a secretary. Our small group ranges from the chairperson to an ordinary member. One afternoon the seven of us got together to discuss the importance of SCCs and this book. Here is the fruit of our conversation. Our St. Kizito SCC started in 2003 having branched off from the first and founding SCC in the parish. We chose St. Kizito as our Patron Saint because he is an African martyr who was young and active. He was baptized shortly before his death. We want to follow in his footsteps – innocent and courageous. Our SCC is linked to families and concerned about family life. We believe that the Catholic Church is part of the Family of God in Africa. We learn about the culture and traditions of our different ethnic groups in Kenya. We are sensitive to people’s rights.We encourage unity among Christians. Spirituality is important to us. The Bible is essential and we share the Word of God every week. We strengthen and transform our community through prayer and retreats. Each SCC member becomes comfortable and confident in praying out loud and in leading our community prayers. One year we made a pilgrimage to the Namugongo Shrine in Uganda to celebrate our Patron Saint. Our SCC is active in pastoral work in our parish. We encourage young couples to get married in church. One of our favorite activities is following the Outdoor Stations of the Cross with other SCCs on Good Friday. We are involved in the annual Kenya Lenten Campaign. In 2011 we emphasized Week One on “Human Trafficking.” In 2012 and 2013 we studied civic education while preparing for the General Elections. We are concerned about our environment so tree planting and collecting garbage and trash have been part of our action projects. We try to have a missionary spirit and visit other SCCs in our parish. 9 SCCs of Saints Ambrose, Augustine, Austin, Boniface, Charles Lwanga, Francis, John, Josephine Bakhita, Jude Thaddeus, Kizito, Michael and Petro Mwamba. 10 The website refers to outreach through small group ministries and St. Austin's Youth Community's teams of 15 members such as one interested in sports and one interested in dancing and singing. 11 In the ever shifting landscape of politically correct and inclusive language, “ethnic group” is preferred today over “tribe” that can have a pejorative and negative meaning, even to being called “endemic tribalism.” Other terms used today are “ethnic community” and “people group.” 8 We are honored that one of our members, Father Joseph Healey, MM,12 whom we call Mwanajumuiya Padri Joseph (“SCC member Father Joseph” in Swahili) has written this important book and shared the life and experiences of SCCs. It tells the history of 180,000 SCCs in nine countries in Eastern Africa. 45,000 of these SCCs are here in Kenya. SCCs are the Catholic Church itself. Other Apostolic Groups in the parish are specialized and voluntary like the Catholic Men, Catholic Women, Choir, Legion of Mary and Pontifical Missionary Childhood. But our SCCs are the foundatiuon of the parish. They mixed and open to everyone – men, women and children – and to all social, economic and educational backgrounds. This book of SCC experiences in the AMECEA Region Africa is our gift to you, the reader. We hope that you will learn a lot from this Ebook. Read about SCCs in all the countries in Eastern Africa and how they are a new model of church for Africa today. Enjoy this book. Feel at home. We invite you to share your own SCCs experiences with us and other readers. You can communicate with us through email ([email protected]) and our Small Christian Communities Global Collaborative Website (www.smallchristiancommunities.org) and “Facebook Page.”13 Ubarikiwe (“May you all be blessed”). Catherine Katumbi Joseph Kihara Conrad Kimori Josphat Mulinya Sammy Ngunga Michael Orondo Annastasia Syombua 12 From 1976 to the present I have been a full member or an honorary member of the following SCCs (alphabetically by the saint’s name): Charles Lwanga Jude Thaddeus Kizito Martin de Porres Nyabuliga (a section of the village of Nyabihanga, Tanzania – the geographical place name used before saints’ names become popular) Nyagasense (a section of the village of Iramba, Tanzania – the geographical place name used before saints’ names become popular) Theresa of the Child Jesus 13 Our SCCs Facebook Page started on 2 February, 2010. It is mentioned 33 times in different forms in this Ebook as of 24 December, 2016. In 2015 Facebook has opened its first headquarters in Africa as it looks to add to its existing 120 million users on the continent. The new office in Johannesburg will focus on growing markets in Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa. About one in five people in Africa have internet access, but almost double that figure are expected to have mobile internet connections by 2020. About 80% of those who use Facebook in Africa access the site by mobile phone. 9 Members of St. Kizito SCC, Waruku 22 October, 2011 (day before World Mission Sunday) and updated on 13 May, 2013 Nairobi, Kenya 10 General Introduction This book has gone through various editions or versions. The “First Version” was given as a paper on “Small Christian Communities in the AMECEA Region: An Evaluation of their Growth and Impact” at the 13th Interdisciplinary Theological Session on the theme “The Faculty of Theology of CUEA Celebrates the Golden Jubilee of AMECEA” at the Catholic University of Eastern Africa (CUEA) in Nairobi, Kenya on 3 March, 2011. Many papers were presented at this conference covering the 50 years of AMECEA under three headings: Part I: “Deeper Evangelization. Part II: “Formation and Education.” Part III: “Church Life, Organization and Structures.” I specifically treated the topic of “Small Christian Communities” under Part III. Many pastoral leaders including the AMECEA bishops recommended the importance of a thorough critical evaluation14 and assessment of SCCs to learn from the past and to help plan for the future.15 We should not feel threatened by the term “evaluation” as though we are going to be criticized or held under a microscope. Evaluation should be constructive rather than critical, thus constructive criticism and positive critique. The overall purpose is to how to improve our 14 In many evaluations of AMECEA meetings and conferences it has been emphasized that the preparation stage gets an A rating, the meetings and conferences themselves get an A rating, but the implementation stage and follow-up/follow-down get only a C rating, and even at times a D+ rating. For SCC meetings and conferences this challenges us in include in the ongoing strategic plan concrete step-by-step implementation, timelines, capacity building, benchmarks, accountability and ongoing financial support. Fritz Lobinger commented on one of our AMECEA papers with many practical examples and implementation steps by saying: “I read the whole text and admire the great work of reporting the many details. The paper contrasts favourably with many theoretical essays which state the principles but makes you wonder how much these principles are implemented. I hope many agencies in Africa and elsewhere study the paper.” 15 This evaluation uses many methods and techniques such as the SWOT Analysis that is a strategic planning tool used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats involved in any venture. Another evaluation tool is to compare and contrast the “Real” and the “Ideal” or “Theory” and “Practice” or “Plan” and “Action.” Often a SCC project or activity looks very good on paper, but is very different in reality. Another evaluation tool or discernment tool is the role of the Devil's Advocate that was formerly an official position within the Catholic Church: one who "argued against the canonization (sainthood) of a candidate in order to uncover any character flaws or misrepresentation of the evidence favoring canonization." In common parlance, the term Devil's Advocate describes someone who, given a certain point of view, takes a position he or she does not necessarily agree with (or simply an alternative position from the accepted norm), to explore the thought further, to expose it to a thorough examination. This is not a negative method, always against