BRIDGING DIVIDES MONOGRAPHIAE BIOLOGICAE VOLUME 83 Series Editor H. J. Dumont Aims and Scope The Monographiae Biologicae provide a forum for top-level, rounded-off monographs dealing with the biogeography of continents or major parts of continents, and the ecology of well individualized ecosystems such as islands, island groups, mountains or mountain chains. Aquatic ecosystems may include marine environments such as coastal ecosystems (mangroves, coral reefs) but also pelagic, abyssal and benthic ecosystems, and freshwater environments such as major river basins, lakes, and groups of lakes. In-depth, state-of-the-art taxonomic treatments of major groups of animals (including protists), plants and fungi are also elegible for publication, as well as studies on the comparative ecology of major biomes. Volumes in the series may include single-author monographs, but also multi-author, edited volumes. The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume. Bridging Divides Maritime Canals as Invasion Corridors by STEPHAN GOLLASCH GoConsult, Hamburg, Germany BELLAS. GALIL National Institute of Oceanography, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Haifa, Israel and ANDREW N. COHEN San Francisco Estuary Institute, Oakland, CA, U.S.A. AC.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN-10 1-4020-5046-1 (HB) ISBN-13 978-1-4020-5046-6 (HB) ISBN-10 1-4020-5047-X (e-book) ISBN-13 978-1-4020-5047-3 (e-book) Published by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AADordrecht, The Netherlands. www.springer.com Front cover: Miraflores Locks looking up toward Miraflores Lake, Pedro Miguel Locks and Centennial Bridge over the Culebra Cut. Courtesy of the Panama Canal Authority. Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved © 2006 Springer No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. dedicated to the scientists whose studies on the role of canals in changing the biota laid the foundation to our work. Contents Contributors........................................................................................................xi Preface..............................................................................................................xiii Overall Introduction Dan Minchin, Bella S. Galil, Matej David, Stephan Gollasch & Sergej Olenin Overall Introduction.............................................................................................1 The Kiel Canal The World’s Busiest Man-made Waterway and Biological Invasions Stephan Gollasch & Harald Rosenthal 1 Introduction...............................................................................................5 2 History and canal construction..................................................................8 3 Topography and canal details..................................................................28 4 Importance of the canal for the shipping industry...................................36 5 Canal water characteristics......................................................................38 6 History of biological studies in the Kiel Canal........................................41 7 Colonization of the canal by native and non-native species....................44 8 Introduction of non-indigenous species...................................................61 9 Impacts of non-native species..................................................................74 10 Summary of species migrations through the Kiel Canal.........................78 11 References...............................................................................................81 viii Contents The Panama Canal Chapter I Cutting a Canal Through Central America Andrew N. Cohen 1 Introduction and prehistory.....................................................................91 2 Construction of the canal.........................................................................96 3 References.............................................................................................110 Chapter II Shipping Patterns Associated with the Panama Canal: Effects on Biotic Exchange? Gregory M. Ruiz, Julio Lorda, Ashley Arnwine & Kelly Lion 1 Introduction...........................................................................................113 2 Magnitude and tempo of commercial shipping in the Panama Canal...114 3 Overall direction of traffic and ballasted transits..................................116 4 Direction of traffic and ballasted transits by vessel type.......................117 5 Relative scale of shipping associated with the Panama Canal...............120 6 Effects of the Panama Canal on biotic exchange...................................122 7 References.............................................................................................125 Chapter III Species Introductions and the Panama Canal Andrew N. Cohen 1 The canal and its environs.....................................................................127 2 Effects of the canal on species introductions.........................................142 Contents ix 3 The canal as a biological pathway between the oceans.........................153 4 References.............................................................................................200 The Suez Canal The Marine Caravan – The Suez Canal and the Erythrean Invasion Bella S. Galil 1 Ancient isthmian canals.........................................................................207 2 Forty centuries are watching us.............................................................213 3 A man, a plan, and two canals: Ferdinand de Lesseps [1805-1894].....215 4 Ever deeper, ever wider – the expansion of the Suez Canal..................219 5 Shipping.................................................................................................222 6 Shipping impacts and pollution in the Suez Canal................................223 7 Hydrography and hydrodynamics..........................................................226 8 Studies of the biota of the Suez Canal and the adjacent marine biotas 1869-2005...................................................232 9 The drivers of the Erythrean invasion...................................................240 10 Records of invasion...............................................................................248 11 The spatial and temporal patterns of the Erythrean invasion.................265 12 “Good neighbours”? – The impact of Erythrean aliens on the native biota.................................................................................271 13 The parasitofauna of the Erythrean aliens in the Mediterranean...........276 14 The “silver lining”? – The economic impact of Erythrean aliens..........281 15 Coda.......................................................................................................288 16 References.............................................................................................289 x Contents Epilogue Canals, Invasion Corridors and Introductions Chad Hewitt, Dan Minchin, Sergej Olenin & Stephan Gollasch Lessons from existing canals...........................................................................302 Future scenarios...............................................................................................303 Prevention and management measures............................................................304 References........................................................................................................306 Index................................................................................................................307 Contributors Ashley Arnwine Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, P.O.Box 28, Edgewater, Maryland 21037, USA Andrew N. Cohen San Francisco Estuary Institute, 7770 Pardee Lane, Oakland, CA 94621-1424, USA Matej David University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Maritime Studies and Transportation, Pot pomorscakov 4, 6320 Portoroz, Slovenia Bella S. Galil National Institute of Oceanography, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, P.O.B. 8030, Haifa 31081, Israel Stephan Gollasch GoConsult, Bahrenfelder Str. 73 a, 22765 Hamburg, Germany Chad Hewitt National Centre for Marine and Coastal Conservation, Private Mail Bag 10, Rosebud, Victoria 3939, Australia Kelly Lion Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, P.O.Box 28, Edgewater, Maryland 21037, USA Julio Lorda Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA Dan Minchin Marine Organism Investigations, 3 Marina Village, Ballina, Killaloe, Co Clare, Ireland Sergej Olenin Coastal Research and Planning Institute, Klaipeda University, H. Manto 84, Klaipeda, Lithuania xi