Springer Series 2 in Brain Dynamics Series Editors: E. Ba~ar, WI. Freeman, W-D. Heiss, D. Lehmann, F. H. Lopes da Silva, E.-I. Speckmann Erol and Theodore H. Bullock (Eds.) Ba~ar Brain Dynamics Progress and Perspectives With 206 Figures, Some in Color Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Professor Dr. EROL BA~AR Institute of Physiology Medical University Lubeck Ratzeburger Allee 160 0-2400 Lubeck 1, FRG Professor Dr. THEODORE H. BULLOCK Dept. of Neurosciences, A-001 University of California, San Diego La Jolla, CA 92093, USA ISBN-13:978-3-642-74559-1 e-ISBN-13:978-3-642-74557-7 DOl: lO.lO07/978-3-642-74557-7 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Brain dynamics: progress and perspectives: based on a conference in West Berlin in August 1987/Erol Ba~ar and Theodore H. Bullock (editors) p. em. - (Springer series in brain dynamics; 2) Based on the Second Brain Dynamics Conference held in Berlin on Aug. 10--14, 1987. as a satellite conference of the Budapest Congress of the International Brain Research Organization. Includes bibliographies ISBN-13:978-3-642-74559-l (U .S.)I. Electroencephalography-Congresses. 2. Neural circuitry-Congresses. 3. Brain-Magnetic fields-Congresses. 4. Neurophysiology-Congresses. I. Ba~ar, Ero!. II. Bullock, Theodore Holmes. III. Brain Dynamics Conference (2nd: 1987: Berlin, Germany) IV. International Brain Research Organization. Congress (2nd: 1987: Budapest, Hungary) V. Series. [DNLM: 1. Brain-physiology--mngresses. 2. Electroencephalography--mngresses. 3. Electromagnetics--<:ongresses. 4. Electrophysiology--<:ongresses. 5. Evoked Potentials--<:ongresses. WI SP65ME v. 2/WL 102 B8124 1987] QP376.5.B73 1989 599'.0188--dc20 DNLM/DLC 89-11362 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is only per mitted under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9,1965, in its version of June 24,1985, and a copyright fee must always be paid. Violations fall under the prosecution act of the German Copyright Law. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1989 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1989 The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence ofa specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Product Liability: The publisher can give no guarantee for information about drug dosage and application thereof contained in this book. In every individual case the respective user must check its accuracy by consulting other pharmaceutical literature. 2125/3130-543210 - Printed on acid-free paper A Word about the Series BRAIN DYNAMICS The brain is probably the most complexly structured matter known. For this reason, a deeper understanding of brain function demands a special selection of techniques and procedures without which significant progress cannot be expected. Dynamics is a concept that takes into account the changes of state of a system. Different situations are not considered as discrete states existing in isolation; rather, the transitions and mutual interactions between various states are examined. The aim of the new series BRAIN DYNAMICS is to integrate diverse disciplines of brain research and the central theme of brain dynamics by publishing qualified contributions implementing a broad spectrum of highly sophisticated approaches. The following themes help to characterize the direction of the new series: - EEG, MEG, evoked and event-related brain responses - Neuropathology and brain function - Neural populations and neural networks - Model epilepsies - Brain imaging, including computer tomography, PET, and NMR - Cognitive functions of the brain - Comparative neurophysiology - Dynamics of neural populations at the cellular level - Chaotic dynamics in brain function The first two books to appear in this series embody the above criteria in that they contain contributions written by recognized neuroscientists presenting a variety of advanced approaches and concepts of great promise for future research. Neuroscientists are encouraged to send proposals for monographs, multiauthor volumes, or conference proceedings on any of the themes outlined above to one of the editors of the series. Suggestions for additional topics are also welcome. EROL BA~AR, Coordinating Editor Preface This volume is based on contributions to the second Brain Dynamics Conference, held in Berlin on August 10-14, 1987, as a satellite conference of the Budapest Congress of the International Brain Research Organization. Like the volume resulting from the first conference, Dynamics of Sensory and Cognitive Processing by the Brain, the present work covers new approaches to brain function, with emphasis on electromagnetic fields, EEG, event-related potentials, connectivistic views, and neural networks. Close attention is also paid to research in the emerging field of deterministic chaos and strange attractors. The diversity of this collection of papers reflects a multipronged advance in a hitherto relatively neglected domain, i. e., the study of signs of dynamic processes in organized neural tissue in order both to explain them and to exploit them for clues to system function. The need is greater than ever for new windows. This volume reflects a historical moment, the moment when a relatively neglected field of basic research into available signs of dynamic processes ongoing in organized neural tissue is expanding almost explosively to complement other approaches. From the topics treated, this book should appeal, as did its predecessor, to neuroscientists, neurologists, scientists studying complex systems, artificial intelligence, and neural networks, psychobiologists, and all basic and clinical investigators concerned with new techniques of monitoring and analyzing the brain's electromagnetic activity. The second Brain Dynamics Conference comprised sessions of invited lectures and a closing discussion workshop with nine panelists on the theme "How Brains May Work". In addition to contributions by conference participants, a few authors who did not attend the conference accepted the editors' invitation to write chapters for the second book. The two volumes, which can be considered complementary, are both concerned with presenting concepts and findings that characterize current research. The epilogue explains tentatively how the con tributions in different parts of the book, as well as the closing workshop, might serve to widen avenues in brain research which have been relatively neglected in the years since progress in cellular and subcellular research, welcome as it is, has overshadowed the investigation of the organized nervous system. Since the first Brain Dynamics Conference attracted great interest, one of the editors of this volume (E. B.) was encouraged to organize the second conference only 2 years later. On the basis of their longlasting scientific collaboration and pursuit of common interests, T. H. B., who took on the responsibility of chairing the closing workshop, also accepted E. B.'s proposal to co-edit the present book. VIII Preface The editors are grateful to the contributors for their readiness and their promptness in making alterations and revisions of their manuscripts. The present book is divided into five major parts, each introduced by comments from the editors. Part I deals with basic approaches expounding cellular-level and system-theoretical views of various central systems, including systems of glial cells and invertebrate and vertebrate systems, based on EEG and magnetoencephalography. Part II concerns linear and nonlinear theoretical approaches and ends with a discussion covering some aspects of theoretical physics related to artificial intelligence. Since the nonlinear dynamic approach was one of the important threads of the conference, this part of the book covers most of the current lines of work in this area, analyzed by pioneers in the field. Parts III and IV juxtapose human and animal studies of learning, memory, and motor function both at the cellular and at the EEG/ERP level. Finally, Part V, containing the proceedings of the workshop "How Brains May Work," reflects one of the aims of the conference, to trigger discussion among scientists with different interests and different approaches whose inter woven themes might reinforce useful new trends in brain dynamics research. E. BA~AR and T. H. BULLOCK, Editors Acknowledgements The organization of the second Brain Dynamics Conference in Berlin only 2 years after the first one was made possible by the coordinated efforts of members of the Neurophysiology Research Group in Lubeck. I want to express a great vote of thanks to all the group, including my graduate students. Special thanks are due to my secretary Mrs. Kristine Kay, who coordinated all the correspondence and to Dr. Joachim Raschke, who organized all local events in Berlin with great ability. Our chief engineer Mr. Ferdinand Greitschus, who took the responsibility of technical organization merits additional thanks. I wish to thank the following institutions for providing financial support: the Berlin Senate; the U. S. Air Force; Bayer AG; Cadwell Europe Ltd; Dantec GmbH; Data Analysis Computer Systeme GmbH; Dragerwerke AG Lubeck; Hoechst AG; Ernst Leitz GmbH; Madaus GmbH; Nicolet Instrument GmbH; Schwarzer Picker International GmbH; Schwind Medizintechnik. E. BA~AR, Conference Chairman Contents I. Basic Approaches Introductory Remarks T. H. BULLOCK. . . . 3 The Micro-EEG Represents Varied Degrees of Cooperativity Among Wide-Band Generators: Spatial and Temporal Microstructure of Field Potentials T. H. BULLOCK ........ . 5 Electrogenesis of Evoked Potentials R. GALAMBOS (With 6 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Cell Membranes, Electromagnetic Fields, and Intercellular Communication W. R. ADEY (With 3 Figures). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 The EEG is a Quasi-Deterministic Signal Anticipating Sensory Cognitive Tasks E. BA~AR, C. BA~AR-EROGLU, J. RaSCHKE, and A. SCHUTT (With 17 Figures). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ...... 43 Microstates of the Brain in EEG and ERP Mapping Studies D. LEHMANN (With 2 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72 Spatiotemporal Aspects of Synergetic Processes in the Auditory Cortex as Revealed by the Magnetoencephalogram M. HOKE, K. LEHNERTZ, C. PANTEV, and B. LUTKENHONER (With 12 Figures) 84 II. Theoretical Approaches to Brain Function (Linear and Nonlinear) Introductory Remarks E. BA~AR ..... . . ............... 109 Self-Similarity in Hyperchaotic Data O. E. ROSSLER and J. L. HUDSON (With 4 Figures) ........... 113 XII Contents Estimation of Correlation Dimensions from Single and Multichannel Recordings - A Critical View A. BABLOYANTZ (With 4 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 122 Correlation Dimensions in Various Parts of Cat and Human Brain in Different States J. RaSCHKE and E. BA~AR (With 14 Figures) . . . . . . . . .. .. 131 Magnetoencephalography and Attractor Dimension: Normal Subjects and Epileptic Patients K. SAERMARK, J. LEBECH, C. K. BAK, and A. SABERS (With 7 Figures) .. 149 Chaotic Attractors in a Model of Neocortex: Dimensionalities of Olfactory Bulb Surface Potentials Are Spatially Uniform and Event Related J. E. SKINNER, J. L. MARTIN, C. E. LANDISMAN, M. M. MOMMER, K. FULTON, M. MITRA, W. D. BURTON, and B. SALTZBERG (With 7 Figures) 158 Dimensional Analysis of the Waking EEG K. E. GRAF and T. ELBERT (With 7 Figures) ........ 174 A Model of the Generation of Electrocortical Rhythms K. J. BLINOWSKA and P. J. FRANASZCZUK (With 4 Figures) . . . . . . . 192 Linearity and Nonlinearity in Electrocortical Waves, and Their Elementary Statistical Dynamics J. J. WRIGHT (With 4 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . .. 202 Can Artificial Intelligence Help in Finding How Brains May Work? A. DE CALLATAY (With 6 Figures). . . . . . . . . 214 Discussion Following Remarks by A. DE CALLATAY . 233 III. Animal Models in Sensory and Cognitive Processes Introductory Remarks T. H. BULLOCK. . . . .241 Comparisons of Sensory and Cognitive Brain Potentials in the Human and in an Animal Model J. S. BUCHWALD (With 6 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 Evolution of Compound Field Potentials in the Brain T. H. BULLOCK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Contents XIII Discontinuities in Visual Cortex and Possible Functional Implications: Relating Cortical Structure and Function with Multielectrode/ Correlation Techniques R. ECKHORN, R. BAUER, and H. J. REITBOECK (With 6 Figures) . . . . . 267 Subcortical Evoked Potential Correlates of Early Information Processing: Mismatch Negativity in Cats V. CSEPE, G. KARMOS, and M. MOLNAR (With 6 Figures) . ..... 279 "No-Go Potential" in the Prefrontal Cortex of Monkeys K. SASAKI and H. GEMBA (With 6 Figures). . . . . . . . . . . . .. 290 Epileptic Phenomena in the Neocortex: From Activity of Single Neurons to Field Potentials of Neuronal Pools H. POCKBERGER, E.-J. SPECKMANN, and J. WALDEN (With 5 Figures) ... 302 IV. Brain Potentials During Sensory and Cognitive Processes Introductory Remarks E. BA~AR ..... . ...... 313 Quantitative Electrophysiological Maps of Mental Activity E. R. JOHN, L. S. PRICHEP, and R. J. CHABOT (With 8 Figures) .. . . . 316 Neuroanatomical Contributions to Individual Differences in P300 Morphology J. POLICH (With 5 Figures). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 Sensory and Cognitive 40-Hz Event-Related Potentials: Behavioral Correlates, Brain Function, and Clinical Application D. E. SHEER (With 9 Figures). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 The CERP: Event-Related Perturbations in Steady-State Responses S. MAKEIG and R. GALAMBOS (With 15 Figures) ... . . . . . . . . 375 Noninvasive Functional Investigations into Human Cortical Motor Physiology, Motor Learning, and Motor Imagery L. DEECKE, W. LANG, G. GOLDENBERG, and I. PODREKA (With 2 Figures). 401 Signs of Model Making by the Human Brain A. S. GEVINS (With 5 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408 The Clinical Use of P300 Cartography in Diseases with Disturbed Cognitive Processing of the Brain K. MAURER (With 6 Figures). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420 Influence of Physostigmine on Cognitive Processing of the Brain R. IHL, L. FROLICH, T. DIERKS, and K. MAURER (With 2 Figures) .... 429