Biology of Humans Fourth Edition Concepts, Applications, and Issues This page intentionally left blank San Francisco Boston New York Cape Town Hong Kong London Madrid Mexico City Montreal Munich Paris Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto Benjamin Cummings Fourth Edition Judith Goodenough University of Massachusetts, Amherst Betty McGuire Cornell University Biology of Humans Concepts, Applications, and Issues ISBN 10: 0-321-70702-8; ISBN 13: 978-0-321-70702-4 (Student edition) ISBN 10: 0-321-74082-3; ISBN 13: 978-0-321-74082-3 (Exam copy) ISBN-10: 0-321-74209-5; ISBN-13: 978-0-321-74209-4 (Books a la Carte edition) Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within the text (or on p. C-1). Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 1301 Sansome Street, San Francisco, CA 94111. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. 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Biology of humans : concepts, applications, and issues / Judith Goodenough, Betty McGuire. — 4th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-321-70702-4 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Human biology—Textbooks. I. McGuire, Betty. II. Title. 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Brief Contents 1 Humans in the World of Biology 1 2 Chemistry Comes to Life 14 2a SPECIAL TOPIC: Food Safety and Defense 37 3 The Cell 45 4 Body Organization and Homeostasis 68 PART I PART II PART III 5 The Skeletal System 88 6 The Muscular System 103 7 Neurons: The Matter of the Mind 116 8 The Nervous System 129 8a SPECIAL TOPIC: Drugs and the Mind 144 9 Sensory Systems 152 10 The Endocrine System 173 10a SPECIAL TOPIC: Diabetes Mellitus 192 PART IV PART V PART VI The Organization of the Body Control and Coordination of the Body Maintenance of the Body Reproduction and Development Genes and DNA Evolution and Ecology 11 Blood 199 12 The Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems 214 12a SPECIAL TOPIC: Cardiovascular Disease 233 13 Body Defense Mechanisms 239 13a SPECIAL TOPIC: Infectious Disease 258 14 The Respiratory System 267 15 The Digestive System 285 15a SPECIAL TOPIC: Nutrition and Weight Control 301 16 The Urinary System 312 17 Reproductive Systems 332 17a SPECIAL TOPIC: Sexually Transmitted Diseases and AIDS 352 18 Development throughout Life 362 18a SPECIAL TOPIC: Autism Spectrum Disorders 383 19 Chromosomes and Cell Division 392 19a SPECIAL TOPIC: Stem Cells—A Repair Kit for the Body 410 20 Genetics and Human Inheritance 417 21 DNA and Biotechnology 434 21a SPECIAL TOPIC: Cancer 455 22 Evolution and Our Heritage 469 23 Ecology, the Environment, and Us 491 24 Human Population, Limited Resources, and Pollution 508 This page intentionally left blank Special Interest Essays Environmental Issues Medicinal Plants and the Shrinking Rain Forest 2 Radon Gas: A Killer That Can Be Stopped 21 Toilet to Tap 28 The Deadly Interaction Between Asbestos and Lysosomes 60 Noise Pollution 166 Lead Poisoning 206 Environment and Epigenetics 443 Genetically Modified Food 448 The Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill 516 Air Pollution and Human Health 519 Ethical Issues Anabolic Steroid Abuse 113 Hormone Therapy 180 Kidney Donation and Trafficking 326 Making Babies 373 Trisomy 21 405 Gene Testing 431 Forensic Science, DNA, and Personal Privacy 452 Conducting Research on Our Relatives 478 Maintaining Our Remaining Biodiversity 504 Health Issues Mitochondrial Diseases Cause an Energy Shortage in Our Bodies 64 Fun in the Sun? 81 Acne: The Miseries and Myths 82 Osteoporosis: Fragility and Aging 94 Neurotransmitters and Disease 124 Brain Injury: A Silent Epidemic 135 Hormonal Responses to Stress 187 Benefits of Cardiovascular Exercise 227 Rejection of Organ Transplants 253 Surviving a Common Cold 280 Smoking and Lung Disease 282 Peptic Ulcers 295 Urinalysis 320 Breast Cancer 344 Disparities in Health and Health Care at All Life Stages 378 This page intentionally left blank 2a Food Safety and Defense 37 Foodborne Illnesses 37 General Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment 37 Common Foodborne Infections 39 How Does Food Become Contaminated? 39 Methods of Combating Food Contamination 40 Keeping Food Safe at International and National Levels 41 International Oversight 41 National Oversight 41 Food Defense and Bioterrorism 41 Personal Food Safety 42 Food Selection 42 Food Handling and Storage 43 3 The Cell 45 Eukaryotic Cells Compared with Prokaryotic Cells 45 Cell Size and Microscopy 47 Cell Structure and Function 47 Plasma Membrane 48 Plasma Membrane Structure 48 Plasma Membrane Functions 49 Movement Across the Plasma Membrane 50 Organelles 53 Nucleus 53 Endoplasmic Reticulum 54 Golgi Complex 54 Lysosomes 54 Mitochondria 57 Cytoskeleton 58 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation in the Generation of ATP 59 Cellular Respiration 60 Fermentation 63 Environmental Issue The Deadly Interaction between Asbestos and Lysosomes 60 Health Issue Mitochondrial Diseases Cause an Energy Shortage in Our Bodies 64 PART I THE ORGANIZATION OF THE BODY 1 Humans in the World of Biology 1 Basic Characteristics of All Living Things 1 Classification by Evolutionary Relationship 4 Levels of Biological Organization 5 Scientific Method 6 Inductive and Deductive Reasoning 9 Clinical Trials 9 Epidemiological Studies 10 Critical Thinking to Evaluate Scientific Claims 10 Environmental Issue Medicinal Plants and the Shrinking Rain Forest 2 2 Chemistry Comes to Life 14 The Nature of Atoms 14 Elements 15 Isotopes and Radioisotopes 15 Compounds and Chemical Bonds 17 Covalent Bonds 18 Ionic Bonds 18 The Role of Water in Life 20 Polarity and Hydrogen Bonds 20 Properties of Water 21 Acids and Bases 22 The pH Scale 22 Buffers 23 Major Molecules of Life 24 Carbohydrates 24 Lipids 26 Proteins 29 Nucleic Acids and Nucleotides 32 Environmental Issues Radon Gas: A Killer That Can Be Stopped 21 Toilet to Tap 28 Detailed Contents About the Authors xvii Preface xviii