Biofuel Crops Production, Physiology and Genetics This page intentionally left blank Biofuel Crops Production, Physiology and Genetics Edited by Bharat P. Singh Fort Valley State University Fort Valley, Georgia USA CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI CABI Nosworthy Way 38 Chauncey Street Wallingford Suite 1002 Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Boston, MA 02111 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 800 552 3083 (toll free) Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Tel: +1 (0)617 395 4051 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi.org © CAB International 2013. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Biofuel crops : production, physiology, and genetics / edited by Bharat P. Singh, Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, Georgia, USA. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-84593-885-7 (hbk) 1. Energy crops. 2. Energy crops--Breeding. 3. Energy crops--Genetics. 4. Biomass energy. I. Singh, Bharat P. SB288.B57 2013 631--dc23 2013008421 ISBN: 978 1 84593 885 7 Commissioning editor: Claire Parfitt Editorial assistant: Emma McCann Production editor: Tracy Head Typeset by SPi, Pondicherry, India. Printed and bound in the UK by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY. Contents Contributors vii Preface xi PArt I GenerAL 1 Biofuels in History 1 Bill Kovarik 2 Status, Innovations and Challenges of next Generation Biofuel technologies 23 Ralph E.H. Sims PArt II ALGAe 3 Microalgae taxonomy and Breeding 44 S. Hemaiswarya, R. Raja, R. Ravikumar and Isabel S. Carvalho 4 Physiology, Biochemistry and Genetics of Microalgal Growth and Lipid Production 54 Holger Schuhmann and Peer M. Schenk 5 Cultivation of Microalgae for Biofuel Production 84 Christopher Q. Lan PArt III PLAntS 6 Physiology and Genetics of Biofuel Crop Yield 102 Bharat P. Singh 7 Deconstructing Plant Biomass: Cell Wall Structure and novel Manipulation Strategies 135 Caitlin S. Byrt, Natalie S. Betts, Naser Farrokhi and Rachel A. Burton 8 Sugarcane and energycane 151 N.K. Fageria, A. Moreira, L.A.C. Moraes, Anna L. Hale and Ryan P. Viator v vi Contents 9 Sweet Sorghum: Genetics, Breeding and Commercialization 172 P. Srinivasa Rao, A.V. Umakanth, Belum V.S. Reddy, Ismail Dweikat, Sujata Bhargava, C. Ganesh Kumar, Serge Braconnier and J.V. Patil 10 Switchgrass 199 John H. Fike and David J. Parrish 11 Miscanthus Species 231 Kossonou Guillaume Anzoua and Toshihiko Yamada 12 Arundo donax 249 C.M.J. Williams, T.K. Biswas, L. Márton and M. Czakó 13 elephantgrass 271 Bharat P. Singh, Hari P. Singh and Eric Obeng 14 Bast and Leaf Fibre Crops: Kenaf, Hemp, Jute, Agave, etc. 292 Pratik Satya and Ratikanta Maiti 15 Jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.) 312 Suhas P. Wani 16 Oilseed Brassicas 339 G.S. Bañuelos, K.S. Dhillon and S.S. Banga 17 Camelina (Camelina sativa) 369 C. Eynck and K.C. Falk 18 Oil Palm 392 Somashekhar M. Punnuri and Bharat P. Singh 19 Willow 415 Martin Weih 20 Pines 427 C. Dana Nelson, Gary F. Peter, Steven E. McKeand, Eric J. Jokela, Robert B. Rummer, Leslie H. Groom and Kurt H. Johnsen 21 eucalyptus and Bamboo 460 Masazumi Kayama 22 Phytoremediation trees for Biofuel 474 D.L. Rockwood, J.G. Isebrands and P.J. Minogue 23 Lignocellulosic Feedstock Preparation by Size reduction and Pretreatment 491 K. Muthukumarappan Appendix I energy and related Units 507 Appendix II Botanical names 509 Index 513 Contributors Kossonou Guillaume Anzoua, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0811, Japan. E-mail: [email protected] Surinder S. Banga, ICAR National Professor, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141004, India. E-mail: [email protected] Gary Stephan Bañuelos, Research Scientist, USDA-ARS, Water Management Research Unit, 9611 S. Riverbend Ave., Parlier, CA 93648, USA. E-mail: [email protected] natalie S. Betts, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae 5064, Australia. E-mail: [email protected] Sujata Bhargava, University of Pune, Pune, India. E-mail: [email protected] t.K. Biswas, Murray-Darling Basin Authority, GPO Box 1801, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. E-mail: [email protected] Serge Braconnier, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Montpellier, France. E-mail: [email protected] rachel A. Burton, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae 5064, Australia. E-mail: [email protected] Caitlin S. Byrt, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae 5064, Australia. E-mail: [email protected] Isabel S. Carvalho, IBB/CGB – Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Algarve Campus de Gambelas, Ed. 8, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal. E-mail: [email protected] M. Czakó, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Carolina, 700 Sumter St, Columbia, SC 29208, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Karaj Singh Dhillon, Professor (Retd), Department of Soil Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, Punjab, India. E-mail: [email protected] Ismail Dweikat, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA. E-mail: idweikat@unlnotes. unl.edu C. eynck, Visiting Scientist, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Plant Breeder, Linnaeus Plant Sciences Inc., 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 0X2. E-mail: christina. [email protected] n.K. Fageria, National Rice and Bean Research Center of Embrapa, Caixa Postal 179, Santo Antônio de Goiás, Goiás State, CEP 75375-000, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] K.C. Falk, Research Scientist, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0X2, Canada. E-mail: [email protected] vii viii Contributors naser Farrokhi, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran. E-mail: [email protected] John H. Fike, Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Leslie H. Groom, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Pineville, LA 71360, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Anna Hale, USDA-ARS Sugarcane Research Unit, 5883 USDA Rd, Houma, LA 70360, USA. E-mail: [email protected] S. Hemaiswarya, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600 036, India. Present address: IBB/CGB – Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Ed. 8, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal. E-mail: [email protected] J.G. Isebrands, Environmental Forestry Consultants, POB 54, New London, WI 54961I, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Kurt H. Johnsen, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Southern Institute of Forest Ecosystems Biology, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA. E-mail: [email protected] eric J. Jokela, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Masazumi Kayama, Kyushu Research Centre, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Kumamoto, Japan. Current address: Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS) 1-1, Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8686, Japan. E-mail: [email protected] Bill Kovarik, Box 6932, School of Communication, Radford University, Radford, VA 24142, USA. E-mail: [email protected] C. Ganesh Kumar, Chemical Biology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500607, India. E-mail: [email protected]; cgkumar5@ gmail.com Christopher Q. Lan, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur Private, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1N 6N5. E-mail: Christopher.Lan@ uottawa.ca ratikanta Maiti, Advisor, Vibha Seeds, Hyderabad-500081, India and Ex-Professor, Universidad de las Americas-Puebla, Santa Catarina Martir, Cholula, CP 72 820, Puebla, Mexico. E-mail: [email protected] L. Márton, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Carolina, 700 Sumter St, Columbia, SC 29208, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Steven e. McKeand, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. E-mail: [email protected] P.J. Minogue, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 155 Research Road, Quincy, FL 32351-5677, USA. E-mail: [email protected] L.A.C. Moraes, National Soybean Research Center of Embrapa, Caixa Postal 231, Londrina, Paraná State, CEP 86001-970, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] A. Moreira, National Soybean Research Center of Embrapa, Caixa Postal 231, Londrina, Paraná State, CEP 86001-970, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] K. Muthukumarappan, Professor, Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA. E-mail: [email protected] C. Dana nelson, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Southern Institute of Forest Genetics, Saucier, MS 39574, USA. E-mail: [email protected] eric Obeng, 1005 State University Drive, Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, GA 31030, USA. E-mail: [email protected] David J. Parrish, Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA. E-mail: [email protected] J.V. Patil, Directorate of Sorghum Research (DSR), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500030, India. E-mail: [email protected] Contributors ix Gary F. Peter, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Somashekhar Punnuri, 1005 State University Drive, Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, GA 31030, USA. E-mail: [email protected] r. raja, Aquatic Energy LLC, Lake Charles, LA 70629, USA. Present address: IBB/CGB – Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Ed. 8, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal. E-mail: [email protected] r. ravikumar, Aquatic Energy LLC, Lake Charles, LA 70629, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Belum V.S. reddy, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru-502324, India. E-mail: [email protected] Donald L. rockwood, Professor Emeritus, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, 118 Newins-Ziegler Hall, Room 2, Bldg 182, Gainesville, FL 32611-0410, USA. E-mail: [email protected] robert B. rummer, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Auburn, AL 36849, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Pratik Satya, Senior Scientist, Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres, Barrackpore-700120, Kolkata, India. E-mail: [email protected] Peer M. Schenk, Algae Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia. E-mail: [email protected] Holger Schuhmann, Algae Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia. E-mail: h.schuhmann@ uq.edu.au ralph e.H. Sims, Professor of Sustainable Energy, Director, Centre for Energy Research, School of Engineering and Technology, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand. E-mail: [email protected] Bharat P. Singh, 1005 State University Drive, Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, GA 31030, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Hari P. Singh, 1005 State University Drive, Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, GA 31030, USA. E-mail: [email protected] P. Srinivasa rao, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru-502324, India. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] A.V. Umakanth, Directorate of Sorghum Research (DSR), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030, India. E-mail: [email protected] ryan P. Viator, USDA-ARS Sugarcane Research Unit, 5883 USDA Rd, Houma, LA 70360, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Suhas P. Wani, Resilient Dryland Systems, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru-502324, Andhra Pradesh, India. E-mail: [email protected] Martin Weih, Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7043, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden. E-mail: [email protected] C.M.J. Williams, Formerly, Senior Scientist, Sustainable Systems, South Australian Research and Development Institute, GPO Box 397, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia. Now retired. Present address: 2 Grand Central Avenue, Hallett Cove, South Australia, 5158, Australia. E-mail: [email protected] toshihiko Yamada, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0811, Japan. E-mail: [email protected]