Biodiversity The term “biodiversity” or “biological diversity” describes the variety of living beings on Earth encompassing microorganisms, plants, animals, and ecosystems, such as coral reefs, forests, and deserts. In fact, it also represents a wealth of biological resources available to us. Today, instead of exploring and preserving its unmapped biodiversity, mankind has gone away from mother nature, conquering the domain through relentless exploitation. This has resulted in an ecological imbalance and thereby has posed serious threat to biodiversity. Declining biodiversity is, therefore, a concern for countless reasons. Biodiversity’s wealth of genetic information can be conserved by storing biological material from endangered species. Cell lines, gametes, and embryos are preserved so that in case a species becomes extinct or there is a need to increase the population of the species, then cloning and artifcial reproductive techniques can be used to revive and reproduce the said species. The present volume discusses the biodiversity of specifc animal groups, such as cnidarians and fsh, as well as potential risks to and methods for conserving some of them. The following important aspects are addressed: 1. The importance of biodiversity in maintaining ecosystem balance for sustainability 2. The emerging role of biodiversity as a source of important materials, pharmaceuticals, food, and so on as such or through genetic manipulation to meet the contemporary and future challenges 3. The impact of environment degradation on biodiversity and conservation in a changing environment 4. Conventional and emerging biotechnological techniques to conserve biodiversity The book is intended for academics, scientists, and naturalists working in the felds of biology, biochemistry, biophysics, and biomedical sciences. Translating Animal Science Research Series Editor RC Sobti, Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India Biodiversity: Threats and Conservation RC Sobti Environmental Studies and Climate Change RC Sobti, S.K. Malhotra, Kamal Jaiswal, and Sanjeev Puri Genomics, Proteomics and Biotechnology RC Sobti, Manishi Mukesh, and Aastha Sobti Biomedical Research, Medicine and Disease RC Sobti and Aastha Sobti For more information, visit webpage: www.routledge.com/Translating-Animal-Science-Research/ book-series/TASR Biodiversity Threats and Conservation Edited by RC Sobti Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business First edition published 2023 by CRC Press 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487–2742 and by CRC Press 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC © 2023 selection and editorial matter, RC Sobti; individual chapters, the contributors Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. 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For works that are not available on CCC please contact [email protected] Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for identifcation and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Sobti, R. C., editor. Title: Biodiversity : threats and conservation / edited by R.C. Sobti. Description: First edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2023. | Series: Translating animal science research | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifers: LCCN 2022023844 | ISBN 9781032115443 (hardback) | ISBN 9781032115474 (paperback) | ISBN 9781003220398 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Biodiversity. Classifcation: LCC QH541.15.B56 B563 2023 | DDC 333.95—dc23/eng/20220831 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022023844 ISBN: 978-1-032-11544-3 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-11547-4 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-22039-8 (ebk) DOI: 10.1201/9781003220398 Typeset in Times by Apex CoVantage, LLC Contents Editor Bio.................................................................................................................................................. ix List of Contributors................................................................................................................................... xi 1. Biodiversity: Threats and Conservation Strategies...................................................................... 1 Ranbir Chander Sobti, Manish Thakur, Tejinder Kaur, and Suman Mishra 2. Resilience Strategies for Biodiversity Conservation ................................................................... 15 Anu Priya Minhas, Sanjeev Puri, and Ranbir Chander Sobti 3. Biodiversity Resources and Ecosystem Services in the Context of the Industrialized World...................................................................................................................... 23 Pardeep Kumar, Abhishek Kumar, Meenu Patil, Sabir Hussain, Sheenu Sharma, Siril Singh, Rajni Yadav, Diksha Tokas, and Anand Narain Singh 4. Extremophilic Diversity and Climate Change .............................................................................41 Amrita Kumari Panda, Rojita Mishra, Rashi Miglani, Seeta Dewali, Ankit Kumar, Shikha Bora, and Satpal Singh Bisht 5. Coral Reef Biodiversity—Threats and Management ................................................................. 55 Dhanya M. S. and Jignesh M. E. 6. Brachyuran Crab Diversity of Mangroves of Kochi, Kerala: An Overlooked and Threatened Face of Urban Biodiversity ....................................................................................... 73 Elizabeth V. Mathew, Sana K. A., and Niladevi K. N. 7. Glimpses of the Freshwater Zooplankton Biodiversity and Conservation in the Wetlands of Kerala: A Review ...................................................................................................... 81 Anju Kaushal 8. New Innovative Technologies for Sustainable Aqua Production............................................... 97 Rikhi S. Chauhan and Ashutosh Mishra 9. Biodiversity and Conservation of Sheep Genetic Resources in Jammu and Kashmir ............. 113 Syed Shanaz, Tufail Banday, Shahana Riyaz Tramboo, and Mubashir 10. Fish Biodiversity of Jammu and Kashmir and Conservation Measures.................................131 Masood H. Balkhi and Farooz Ahmad Bhat 11. Biodiversity and Conservation Status of Indigenous Livestock of India.................................143 Karan Veer Singh 12. Silkworm Biodiversity, Conservation, Threats, and Sustainable Utilization in Indian Subcontinent..................................................................................................................... 157 Dandin S. B. and Nagesh Prabhu v vi Contents 13. Status, Conservation, and Economic Importance of Oak Tasar Silkworm, Antheraea Proylei (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) in the Western Himalayan Region of India ............................................................................................................................. 193 P. C. Joshi, Pashupati Nath, Namita Joshi, and Induja Mishra 14. The Cnidarian Journey of Myxozoa........................................................................................... 209 Harpreet Kaur, Aditya Gupta, and Prabhjot Kaur 15. Evolutionary Journey of Experimental Animal Models: Contribution for Understanding Life Phenomenon ............................................................................................... 221 Gurfateh Singh, Ramica Sharma, and Parvinder Singh 16. Animals: Pioneers or Victims of Experimental Biology?..........................................................231 Anuradha Sharma, Indu Sharma, and Ranbir Chander Sobti 17. Understanding of Adaptive Response: A Study from Animal Systems .................................. 243 V. Vasudev and H. P. Gurushankara 18. Seasonal Abundance, Status, and Diversity of Hymenopterans (Insecta: Hymenoptera) in a Protected Landscape .................................................................. 283 Manoj Kumar Arya, Hem Chandra, Surabhi Bisht, and Aman Verma 19. Application of Molecular Phylogeny for the Identifcation of Species .................................... 295 Archana Chauhan, Phuntsog Dolma, Ahmad Ali, Anuragini Kadwalia, and Ranbir Chander Sobti 20. In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer.............................................................................. 309 Mani Chopra, Muskan Budhwar, Madhu Sharma, and Ranbir Chandra Sobti 21. Erythrocytes as an Indicator of Diseases in a Freshwater Catfsh Heteropnuetes Fossilis (Bloch.) ................................................................................................... 325 B. D. Joshi, Induja Mishra, Namita Joshi, and Pashupati Nath 22. Insects as Forensic Indicators and Their Utility in Crime Investigation ................................331 Madhu Bala and Anika Sharma 23. Potential Applications of Animal-Friendly Affnity Reagents in Forensics........................... 345 Jagdish Rai 24. Biomimetics Approach of Biodiversity through Interventions of Bio-Designing and Technology............................................................................................................................. 359 Rashmi Srivastava, Anita Yadav, Neeshma Jaiswal, Anshika Yadav, Sandeep K. Malhotra, Suman Mishra, and Ranbir Chander Sobti 25. Biodiversity for Sustainable Development ................................................................................. 369 Mehreen Manzoor Gora, M. R. Mir, Shaista Mehraj, R. K. Sharma, Aadil Hussain, Naveena Nazim, and I. L. Khan 26. Health and Helminths: Revisiting the Paradigm of Host-Parasite Relationship....................381 Abdur Rehman and S. M. A. Abidi Contents vii 27. Physical Growth of Cephalo-Facial Region in Adolescents—a Study from Himachal Pradesh, India............................................................................................................. 399 Kewal Krishan, Bahadur Singh, Kawaljit Kaur, Raj Kumar, and Tanuj Kanchan 28. Human-Animal Coexistence and Conficts—a Gateway to the Zoonotic Infections .............415 Tejinder Kaur, Manish Thakur, and Ranbir Chander Sobti 29. A Solution to Healthy Living in Relation to Vector-Borne Encephalitis ................................ 423 Goutam Chandra and Sunanda Burman 30. Helminthiasis in a Tropical Environment in Immunomodulatory Role Regulating Dynamics of COVID-19 Infections..............................................................................................435 Anita Yadav, Neerja Kapoor, Shivji Malviya, and Sandeep K. Malhotra 31. Women as an Edifce of Nation-Building: A Futuristic Approach.......................................... 447 Neeshma Jaiswal, Abhishek K. Gupta, Reshu, Shivani Singh, and Rashmi Srivastava 32. New Dimensions of Self-Employment for Sustainability ...........................................................455 Ranbir Chander Sobti, Ram Kumar, and Anudeep Index ...................................................................................................................................................... 467 Editor Bio Ranbir Chander Sobti, the former vice chancellor of Panjab University, Chandigarh, and Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (Central University), Lucknow, is a scientist, an able administrator, and dynamic institution builder. He has published more than 300 papers in the journals of national and international repute, such as Mutation Research, Carcinogenesis, Archives of Toxicology, Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics, Molecular Cell Biochemistry, and PLOS ONE, to name a few. He has also published more than 50 books by international publishers, such as Springers, Academic Press, CRC, Elsevier, and others. He is a fellow of the Third World Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Sciences India, Indian National Science Academy, National Academy of Medical Sciences, National Academy of Agricultural Sciences Canadian Academy of Cardiovascular Diseases, and a few others. He was the general president of Indian Science Congress for the 102nd session held at University of Jammu in 2013. Dr. Sobti is the recipient of many prestigious awards, such as the INSA Young Scientist Medal, UGC Career Award, Punjab Rattan Award, JC Bose Oration and Sriram Oration Awards, and Lifetime Achievement Awards of the Punjab Academy of Sciences, Zoological Society of India, and the Environment Academy of India, besides many other medals and awards at the national and international levels. ix