Contemporary Urban Affairs 2019, Volume 3, Number 2, pages 173– 183 Architecture and Human Rights * Dr. HOSSEIN SADRI Associate Professor, Girne American University, Cyprus E mail: [email protected] A R T I C L E I N F O: A B S T R A C T Article history: This article investigates on the concept of space, its production, use, and change Received 01 April 2019 processes, and uncovers the interrelations between social and spatical practices. Accepted 01 May 2019 Based on Lefebvre’s concept of the Right to the City, the article discussed two main Available online 01 May 2019 spatial rights: the right to oeuvre and the right to appropriation. To justify these spatial rights on the ground of legal rights, a comparison method is used in this article Keywords: and three main legal documents is set against each other. These documents are: the Architecture and Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the ‘World Charter for the Right to the City’ Human Rights; and the ‘European Declaration of Urban Rights’. As a result of this comparison 22 Production of Space; universal norms are identified. These norms and the awareness regarding them and Use of Space; their ethical and legal background can empower social / spatial activism and be used Spatial Rights; for performing and evaluating spatial practices. The Right to the City. CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2019), 3(2), 173-183. https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2018.47x14 www.ijcua.com This work is licensed under a Copyright © 2019 Contemporary Urban Affairs. All rights reserved. Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial - NoDerivs 4.0. "CC-BY-NC-ND" 1. Introduction 2. The Concept of Space The scope and the limits of the field of The study of meaning and etymology of the architecture, as an academic discipline, go word space and words with the meaning of beyond the profession of architecture and space in other languages, builds a ground for embrace all spatial studies and spatial practices the conception of the processes of its which are multilayered studies and practices of production, use and change and its connection diverse actors and stakeholders and are not with other concepts such as rights. mainly under the control of architects or the The word space in English is derived from the other related professionals (Sadri, 2018). Here, word spătĭum in Latin and means extension and spatial studies and practices also are not limited distance in width and length (Marchant, 1948). to the process of space production, but its In the Dictionary of Philosophy, three different various forms of use and change. explanations is given for the word space. The first A clear understanding of the concept of space, one, which is similar to the meaning derived its process of production, use and change, from its root of spătĭum, is the situation of provides basis for understanding spatial rights emptiness and nothingness. The second and eventually the relation between *Corresponding Author: architecture and human rights. Associate Professor of Architecture and Urban Design at Girne American University, Cyprus Email address: [email protected] JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 3(2), 173-183 / 2019 definition which also describes the physical In addition to the physical meaning of spătĭum, characteristics of space is limitless environment the mental relationship of space and existence and endless chamber. The third definition is is readable in the words of makan and buan, described as the infinite magnitude hosting and its social connection with settling, dwelling existing beings in it and containing all limited and living in peace in the words of raum, мир, extents within it (Cevizci, 1999). This definition, barınmak / barış. which sheds light on the relation between space and life/existence, is also supported in the 3. The Production of Space meaning of makan, the word used for space in Lefebvre describes the historical transformation Arabic. Makan is generated from the root of kvn of the processes of the production of space in which stands for presence, and it means place his book entitled “The Production of Space”. In of existence (Dai Islam, 1985). This interrelation is fact, the book calls attention to two different also presented in the word raum, the old ways of the space production one of them German word for space. Based on its meaning being the way people produce spaces through of the place emptied for residence, Heidegger their daily life activities and the other way being revealed the relation between space and the production of space in the existing capitalist dwelling. To explain this relationship further, he system through the allied triad forces of state, relied on the etymological studies on old capital and institutional knowledge – including European languages and examined the professional organizations. German and Old English verb of buan / bauen. Lefebvre distinguishes the absolute space, Based on this study, Heidegger explained the meaning a naturally existing space which interrelation between the concepts of space, formed without any human interaction, from the building, life, dwelling and existence. Buan / spaces produced by humans. He writes that bauen, in the meaning of ‘to build’ and ‘to human beings change this natural or absolute shelter’, establishes the root for the verbs bin / space in two different forms. Thereby, by bist in German or ‘to be’ in English, all meaning delivering two kinds of production processes, ‘to exist’ (Heidegger, 1975). they obtain two different types of spaces with Heidegger’s studies on the concept of space contradictory characteristics. Lefebvre names signifies the indivisibility of space and the these two spaces as social space and abstract existential practices in human life, such as space (Lefebvre, 1991). practices of building and dwelling. He indicates The social space is the space formed by the that when someone says ‘I exist’, he actually processes of social and collective production. It means ‘I am building’ or ‘I am dwelling’. is collectively shaped in a long period of time In order to emphasis the importance of the with mental and operational contribution of relationship between space and human life at a numerous people. Social space is developed greater extent, Heidegger investigates on the and transformed by different actors according verb of wuon in its old Anglo-Saxon form or to the changing needs of different generations wunian in its Gothic form. He mentions that throughout the history. The formation process of wuon means to settle, however, these verbs also social space originates in a collective have a meaning of ‘to be at peace’ cooperation and an intergenerational (Heidegger, 1975). To sum up, Heidegger’s consensus. Thus, social space represents the etymological research explains the connection individual, collective and social existence as in between the concepts of space and building, the meaning of the word Makan or the verb dwelling, existing and being at peace. buan and it embodies peace in a way seen in It is possible to justify the closeness of these the verb of wuon. These qualifications cannot concepts with the etymological studies in some be found in spaces generated by specific other languages. For example, the word of мир people for their temporary usage in a limited in Russian, which is used for the concepts of time. Lefebvre illustrates the old urban spaces as space (airspace) also, means peace (Sçerbinin, an example for social space. 1979). In Turkish the verb barınmak with the In order to name this collective and social meaning of sheltering and the word barış in the production process, Lefebvre uses the oeuvre meaning of peace are developed from the concept (Lefebvre, 1967). This French word is same root of ‘bar = var’ in the meaning of used to describe the artworks created by an existence (Sadri, 2007). These two examples also artist throughout his / her life. Since social spaces demonstrate the strong relationship between are results of collective social production the concepts of ‘dwelling’, ‘existence’ and processes, cooperations and consensuses ‘peace’ in Turkish and Russian languages as in beyond time, they can be conceived as the study of Heidegger. intergenerational and communal artworks Consequently, space not only refers to the physical conditions, but also is affiliated with life. Hossein Sadri 174 JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 3(2), 173-183 / 2019 produced by various people living in the city a deeper meaning than the actual meeting, throughout its history. according to Schulz, occurrence of options in Contrary to Oeuvre, the second type of human the milieu of possibilities constitutes an interacted space is the space produced by association or a framework of agreements. capitalism and neo-capitalism. Isolated from More than bringing only common interests to the the social cooperative processes and created society, this agreement forms the basis of within the scope of power, these spaces are solidarity and accordingly the communal shaped based on the mutual action and existence. Schulz underlines that the purpose of benefits of state, capital and institutional this agreement must be to reach a forum in knowledge. Lefebvre entitles these spaces which the common values can be stated and produced subsequent to this process as protected. At this point, Schulz calls into the abstract space (Lefebvre, 1991). Contrary to concept of public dwelling, which he describes Oeuvre, these abstract spaces are not as the institutional formation and invisible generated with collective and multi-actor structure needed for such a forum (Schulz, processes, and accordingly, they do not 1985). provide equal access opportunities for All these dwelling practices can be actualized everyone. These spaces occur in the in spaces collectively created by equal and free intersection of knowledge and power. They are individuals - means oeuvre. This is a circle which hierarchical spaces of those trying to control demonstrates the relationship between the everyday life and people’s social organizations production and use of space. Space is such as political rulers, economical investors, or correlated with human life to a great extent and architects and planners. In addition to the its formation and use socially and mentally hierarchical feature, Lefebvre believes that the unites in spatium, meaning the physical capitalist process of the production of space dimension of space. Both of them affect our lives makes spaces homogeneous and fragmented and are also affected by them. (Gottdiener, 1993). In order to sustain our lives and perform our With the production of abstract space, the use activities we need spaces. We are in need of value of space becomes ineffective against the adequate places to protect ourselves against revenue it creates (exchange value). As Purcell natural and human made disasters, to get the states, the main purpose of the production necessary education, to work, to access to process of abstract space is to gain exchange these facilities, to be able to come together and value, rather than use value (Purcell, 2003). In participate in decision making processes, to other saying, the space attained consequently demonstrate our opposition against to this production is procured not for use but for applications threatening our freedom, to getting unearned income or for exchanging it support each other, to live together, to produce with much more capital. our food, to exchange our ideas, to develop our culture, to do all of these we need proper 4. The Use and Change of Space spaces. The use and change of space, as it is mentioned To be able to perform all our activities, to live in in Lefebvre’s concept of lived space or in the freedom and justice we need spaces word raum, is related to human beings’ accessible and suitable for our private and practices of dwelling. Schulz explains that collective uses. Making spaces accessible and private sheltering of people is only one of the suitable for all of us or changing them according forms of dwelling and there are other modes of to our needs is only possible if we all can take dwelling associated with the social structure, part in the collective creation processes of these economy and politics. He describes these other spaces. However, to be able to protect the forms of communal dwellings as collective rights of all of us, especially the most vulnerable dwelling practices of people for their meetings groups of us, we need an extensive agreement and exchanges, and their public dwellings framework. Until the time we reach to the based on their communal agreements and society in which there are no oppression, consensuses. Schulz reminds that a settlement is discrimination, inequality and poverty, these a place of collective dwelling and a meeting rights will enable us to live in peace and justice. space where people gather together and exchange their products, thoughts and 5. Spatial Rights emotions. According to Schulz, the most Spatial rights are the rights related to the process significant role of collective dwelling is enabling of the formation and use / change of spaces. people to meet each other, despite their The foundation of studies conducted in this field differences and diversities. Schulz names this as has been laid by Lefebvre in 1967 with his book milieu of possibilities and gives the urban spaces “the Right to the City”. as an example for this type of dwelling. Bearing Hossein Sadri 175 JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 3(2), 173-183 / 2019 Lefebvre defines the right to the city with two freedom from the oppressors, can be different but interrelated rights; the first one is the considered as the most significant agencies right to appropriation, which is different from the carried out for acquiring this right. property right, meaning the right to time and B) The Right to Oeuvre possession of a space and the second one Another spatial right which is inherently refers to the art of living in the city is the right to interrelated to the right to appropriation is the oeuvre as the right of participating in the collective right of participating in the formation activities of the city (Lefebvre, 1967). processes of space. Lefebvre named it as the A) The Right to Appropriation right to oeuvre. This right addresses the The Right to appropriation is related to the indispensable replacement of the current occupancy of space. Lefebvre explains it as the capitalist urban spatial production system which full and free use of spaces of cities by city- is concentrated mainly on the manufacturing of dwellers. Don Mitchell links it with the practice of exchange values, with the collective and dwelling. According to Mitchell, the right to the intergenerational creation of spaces of the city city is the right of using the spaces of the city, as permanent artworks or in another word meaning the right to inhabit and live in the city. oeuvre. The right to Oeuvre requests that the Mitchell addresses that in order to have this right, city dwellers should play an active role in the use the housing right of people which includes the and production of space, all decisions right of having a place for sleeping and relaxing regarding the fate of the city should be taken without getting permission from anyone should by the city dwellers and all the opportunities be provided as a priority (Mitchell, 2003). should be equally shared by the people living Therefore, he introduces the housing right as a within the city. In this sense, Purcell approaches way of appropriating and even taking over the oeuvre as the right to participation. According city. This concept is completely different from to Purcell the right to oeuvre is a right which the property right. Property right is exclusivist and recognizes a decision making role of the city- it authorizes the proprietor to stop the access of dwellers in the processes of all practices related unwanted people and gives the usufruct of to the production of spaces of the city. Because space to the will of the title owner. This is of great in order to shape their lives as they please, city- importance in our world where most people do dwellers should have the right to say their not have any property, and public and decisive opinion regarding the formation of common spaces are becoming more privatized lived spaces where they will maintain their lives and controlled by capital owners and (Purcell, 2003). corporations day by day. Contrarily, the right to By being empowered to take part in the center appropriation, meaning the right of taking over of all decision making mechanisms, people’s a space as Lefebvre suggests, is a collective voices rise against the existing authorities and and inclusionary right. they can constitute an absolute control over The right to appropriation describes people’s their life. According to Mitchell the right to collective right to inhabit in spaces and change oeuvre composes city as an entire public space. and organize them in accordance with their Mitchell explains that because city is a place for own needs. As Purcell describes, the right to various kinds of exchanges and social appropriation includes the right of occupying, interactions of different people, therefore, it is living, playing, working and being represented public. Public space guarantees meeting of in the city. In a sense, on the basis of living, diverse people on the basis of heterogeneity. inhabiting and free usage of the city spaces, the Accordingly, if cities are ruled by people, and right to appropriation attributes the right of not the authorities various projects of different dwelling in the city to all of the city dwellers people for shaping their city can get the without any exclusion. Referring to Marx’s opportunity to be discussed and synthesized in concept of use value and exchange value, the free public space of their city. As much as Purcell defines the right to appropriation as the city becomes an oeuvre, consisting of maximizing the use value of spaces and collective projects, it offers a variety of keeping it above its exchange value” (Purcell, opportunities for diverse people to coexist and 2003). reside (Mitchell, 2003). Within this framework, the right to appropriation 6. From Spatial Rights to Spatial Human Rights actually aims to take the control of the city from Lefebvre’s revolutionary idea of the right to the all kinds of power forms - including political city is not applicable within the context of authorities and capital - and give it to those existing system. Neither the existing legal status living in the city. The occupy movements of 2011 recognizes the right to oeuvre as the collective in various parts of the world and the fights of right of participating in the formation processes people for taking back their cities, life and of spaces of city, and the right to appropriation Hossein Sadri 176 JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 3(2), 173-183 / 2019 as the collective right of inhabiting in the city, information related to each of these spatial nor do the existing authorities let such a right to rights and their coverage and their relation with pass into law. For this reason, in the transition the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and period, there is a strong need to justify these the two charters of the ‘World Charter for the rights on the basis of the most extensive Right to the City’ and the ‘European Declaration agreement frameworks such as universally of Urban Rights’. recognized and respected human rights. Table 1. The 22 Norms of Spatial Rights 7. Human Rights Norms Related to Spatial Rights Norms of Spatial Rights RS Human rights are the basic inalienable rights igp which are entitled to a person only because htsatia s/he is a human being. Ioanna Kucuradi l describes these basic rights in two categories; a) directly protected basic rights; and b) indirectly Freedom and Safety of Person A protected basic rights (Kuçuradi, 2007). D pTh Access to public facilities and a) According to Kuçuradi, directly ire proe R adequate shelter protected human rights are all inviolable rights c pig related to liberty and security of person and their tly riah necessities such as the right to life, the right to Pr tiot to o n freedom of thought or the principle for not being te sTuhbejseec treigdh ttos tsohrotuurled obr ea npyr ointheucmteadn turnedaetmr ethnet. cted OThe Ferxeperdesosmio n of Thought and guarantee of law (Kuçuradi, 2004). R e R ig uig Protection of Natural and Cultural related b)t oT heth ein dpirerec-tclyo npdriotitoencst ende erigdhetds afroer hts vreht t Heritage o improving the opportunities and capabilities of people such as the right to housing, the right to Equality and Non-discrimination health or the right to food. Contrary to the rights Fair and Convenient Working of the first group, these rights should be Conditions protected through public institutions (Kuçuradi, Social Justice and Social Security 2007). Health Considering these categories and evaluating Th Adequate quality of life e spatial rights in accordance with them, it is R Access to social services and possible to argue that, spatial rights are ig public facilities h adbasirsesoiccct ilayri gtehpdtrs o. wteFiotchrt etbdhoi s tahre nadosf o intnh deinirse eac dtclyda itteipogrnoo trteioec stt ehodef Indire t to Ap AFtrradeneesqdpuooamrtta etto hio omnu ofsavincegi l aitineds access to necessity of legal frameworks for their ctly pro Liberating and empowering protection, well designed and functioning P p education pcoubmlipca inrisstoitnu tmionest haored nise eudseedd . iTno tahcish sietuvdey t haisn, ad rotec riatio CAcocnetrsibs utoti ojuns ttioc ec ultural life three legal document are set against each te n Conscious appropriation of d other: the Universal Declaration of Human Rights R natural resources and habitation (United Nations, 1948), the ‘World Charter for the ig h in healthy environments Right to the City’ (World Charter for the Right to t s Availability of leisure and sports the City, 2005) and the ‘European Declaration opportunities of Urban Rights’ (The European Urban Charter, Solidarity and coexistence in 1992). Within the framework of this comparison OTh ee peace study the below three tables are prepared u v Assembly and Organization (Sadri, 2010). The first table includes the titles of reR the spatial rights related to the directly ig Transparency and access to h information protected and the indirectly protected basic t Participate in governance rights. This table includes the 22 norms of the t o Collective and fair development spatial rights associated with the norms of human rights. The titles selected for the norms of spatial rights in this table are adapted from different concepts mentioned in various international human rights legislations and not directly quoted from the UNDHR or the two charters. Table 2 and 3 display more detailed Hossein Sadri 177 JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 3(2), 173-183 / 2019 Table 2. The Directly Protected Norms of Spatial Rights Article 18: W Everyone has the right to T o h rld C e Eu freaenddo remli goifo tnh;o thuigs hritg, hcto inncscluiednecs e N ha rop freedom to change his religion or orms of Spatial Rights rter for the Right to the City R ightsean Declaration of Urban Universal DecRlaigrhattsio n of Human Fnrde eedxom of Thought a A rticle 1 and 9 - ------ bohienri sl ii pnerEef ufrvc,pleb ieoagrelarimincyodcdo nmooot ni mfcrboAure epersnr toeehr,bii itcvrfwadyev lao esoalowi tpe mtnre1hisfitnc9,h ,he i nit:eieo p oor .iitn t gteamh hhaaeneatncdr r ntdsah o ia fil neongsndt,e p F re expression; this right includes ree ssio freedom to hold opinions P ersondom& Safe A rticle 1 rigAhrtt itcole li f3e:o, Elfi vbpeeerryrtsyoo nanen. dh ases cthueri ty n inwfosietrhmeokau,t tiro einnct eeairnvfeedr eaidnnecdae ism athpnrdao rutto g h ty o any media and regardless of f frontiers. Article 12: No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his Pro Article 27: privacy, family, home or tec 1) Everyone has the right freely correspondence, nor to attacks tio A to participate in the cultural n upon his honour and reputation. o rt life of the community, to enjoy pEsuvrocethrey ciontntieoern Afhe oratrfeisc tntlhehce ee1 l7 aroi:gw r ha tat ttgoaa ctihnkses.t f Natural an icle 1, 5, 1 Article scienthtiefi ca artsdb aveannndec fteiotsm .s heanrte a inn d its Access to public fac A (1)( p2E)drv aoNeepsropsyeo rooricvtnnyeiae edat hi lsooohannfas eh wltl i hsbait ephes rr wooaigteprhhblelte i tartrrtosays. .rio nilyw n d Cultural Heritag 6 and 19 10 aaf(rnrt2tohid)sme t Eim cp va aerpnortryyeitoseo rdsticnachuteelii ecoi nhtnanitoatue iofnstri chef t oho,ts hftler is.tew err eihmrgasichuorythlrt at ionhol rge ilities and a rticle 11 ta(k1e) Epvaerrty ionAn trethic ehl eag so2 t1vh:e ern rmighetn tto o f Ta eble 3: Indirectly Protected Norms of Spatial d his country, directly or through e Rights qu freely chosen representatives. ate shelter e(q2u) aElv aecriynco ehnsises cthooa upsn utthbryeli.c r igsehrtv oicfe N World Ch The Europe Unive b(gsg3euebe)of tnfexTvhruhpae ebiergrn enyb eew smua s aeienlsel lnidiesonv d coetfi n; tt frstis h hotphaehanielse ls palrw ibowaeniedludohl tisp ichchehl eoehqaal r uldnssilt hhab dybaal e oyll ll f orms of Spatial Rights arter for the Right to the C an Declaration of Urban R H uman Rightsrsal Declaration o secfrreeet vvoottein go rp broy ceeqduuivraesle. nt ity ights f Hossein Sadri 178 JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 3(2), 173-183 / 2019 Article 1: Article 22: All human beings are born free Everyone, as a member of and equal in dignity and rights. society, has the right to social They are endowed with reason security and is entitled to A and conscience and should act realization, through national r t ic towards one another in a spirit of effort and international co- E le brotherhood. operation and in accordance q 1 ua , 2 Article 2: with the organization and lit , 5 Everyone is entitled to all the resources of each State, of the y a , 8 rights and freedoms set forth in economic, social and cultural -discnd Non 11, 12, 1, 10, A rticle 20 odpriaisntrtciienhoelcinisg, t ,Dc iioonoennalc,o t oilpouafo rnra,a laisnttelii cyoox ank,r il,lsn a oowdnrci ,gto ihsautuohla cuoeghtrr ie ga,i ns , Social Justic Art raig(n1hd)t s Et hivneed rifysropepneeAee nrdrt ssihecaoavlbneseal e2tllohi 5tfpyeo: .m r r ihgeishn tdt toigofn ahiti sy riminatio 3, 14, 15 Fupbrrteoh pmeeramrtdyo,er be o,ir ntnh ot ho der i sobttianhsceistr i oostnfa ttshuhesa. ll e and So icle 1 an - ---- sttahnehd imhaersdae llotf haf lanivdnind og wf ahedislle -fbaqemuianilgtye, o ffo r n a political, jurisdictional or c d including food, clothing, housing nd 19 coinutnetrrny aotri otenrarilt ostrayt tuos wofh tihceh a ial Se 2 necaenssda mry esodciciaall scearvreic aens,d a nd person belongs, whether it be cu the right to security in the event r independent, trust, non-self- it of unemployment, sickness, y governing or under any other disability, widowhood, old age limitation of sovereignty. or other lack of livelihood in Article 23: circumstances beyond his (1) Everyone has the right to control. work, to free choice of (2) Motherhood and childhood F a employment, to just and are entitled to special care and ir a favourable conditions of work assistance. All children, whether n d and to protection against born in or out of wedlock, shall C unemployment. enjoy the same social o n (2) Everyone, without any protection. A v e rt discrimination, has the right to Article 25: nie icle Ar equal pay for equal work. (1) Everyone has the right to a tn 1 tic (3) Everyone who works has the standard of living adequate for W a le o n 3 right to just and favourable the health and well-being of rkin d 15 remaunnde hraist ifoanm eilny saunrin egx ifsoter nhcimes elf incluhdimingse flof aondd, c olof thhisin fga,m hiolyu, sing g C worthy of human dignity, and and medical care and o A supplemented, if necessary, by necessary social services, and n r dition otherp mroetaencst ioonf .s ocial Hea ticle 1 Artic theo fr iugnhet mtop sleocymureityn ti,n s tichken eevsse, nt s (4) Everyone has the right to lt a le disability, widowhood, old age form and to join trade unions for h nd 6 or other lack of livelihood in the protection of his interests. 1 circumstances beyond his 2 control. (2) Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All children, whether born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection. Hossein Sadri 179 JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 3(2), 173-183 / 2019 Article 25: F (1) Everyone has the right to a ree d standard of living adequate for o m the health and well-being of to Article 13: A himself and of his family, mov Art (1) Everyone has the right to dequate qua Article 1, 12 a - ---- intdhncieeoslua cfr dabiuegininnslhisdtegtay m t,mrf oyowp eossildoeoddccoyi,c miuwcaarlehliol t scyonteh atoir,niv nrdse igtic,ch ao,ek ehnlnsd ,oede aauv snsseg,idn neg t f acilitiese and access to tran icle 1 and 13 A rticle 5 olrewe(afsn2rived,) e eaeE dvnanedocnrm eyyt eo oc woa norifecetu hmth nuhin otrsarn tvytas h,e t ttoeiehmn e.chb e ilosurni rgdctd hoaientung rtsndo hot rifys . lity nd or other lack of livelihood in spo of lif 14 circumstacnocnetsro bl.e yond his rtation e (2) Motherhood and childhood Article 26: are entitled to special care and (1) Everyone has the right to assistance. All children, whether education. Education shall be born in or out of wedlock, shall free, at least in the elementary enjoy the same social protection and fundamental stages. Article 21: Elementary education shall be (1) Everyone has the right to take L compulsory. Technical and Ac part in the government of his ibe professional education shall be ce country, directly or through ra made generally available and ss to social services and pub Article 1, 12 and 1 A rticle 15 (e3qf)rg( eut2Tehoaeh)exv ellEpy e abv rwrcecenahiscrmlslyso iesheooes sidofensns t f encttih n;to oehrht e phuep appien susae r trbwetiruoohylsiitp.delcehl l i snoecrshitegr aasiatrhhvytlnlita iv cbdooelleef fs b .i en ting and empowerin Article 1, 12 and - ---- he(th2uoqsu)mt h umtrEehiaagdaenlhnluyg ne fc ru taiprahgbl cleee thadicdorntssesenuiiosn vsa cngossenahiab flood atlmliieftp ol lfy reumnbte aonr esiset ndpha. n ddaaeltli mclrtoloe otbnfe c fet tnotthhe htreea de l lic facilities 4 gabenynd uu snihnivaee ller sblaeelc ahtineodlnd s e bwqyhu siacelhc s rusehftfar vallo gbteee g educa 18 ufnrifedreneedrsdsthaoinmpd sai.n mIgt os, hntoaglle l aprallr onnmcaetoio taenn sd, or by equivalent free voting t racial or religious groups, and io procedures. n shall further the activities of the Article 25: United Nations for the (1) Everyone has the right to a maintenance of peace. standard of living adequate for (3) Parents have a prior right to the health and well-being of choose the kind of education himself and of his family, that shall be given to their including food, clothing, housing children. Ad Ar and medical care and Article 27: equate ho ticle 1, 2 an Ae r4ticl tdhnieeosa cfr biueginslhistetay mt,r oywp ssildoeoccoymiuwarehli tsyone toir,nv ds itic,ch oekelnsd ,ee aavsnseg,d ne t Contributio Artic A (to1oaf) ptrEhtasve erat crincyodoipm ntaoemt eshuh ainnasi tr tyethh, eietno c rs ieucgnlihteujton rfaytrie flt ilcheife ley u d or other lack of livelihood in n le rt advancement and its benefits. sing 14 circumstacnocnetsro bl.e yond his to c 1 an icle 8 (2)p Erovteercyotionen ohaf tsh teh em roigrahtl aton dth e u d (2) Motherhood and childhood ltu 2 material interests resulting from are entitled to special care and ra any scientific, literary or artistic assistance. All children, whether l lif production of which he is the e born in or out of wedlock, shall author. enjoy the same social protection Hossein Sadri 180 JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 3(2), 173-183 / 2019 Article 6: Everyone has the right to So lid A recognition everywhere as a a r person before the law. rity tic Article 20: a le All arader iesec qeriunmatiiAtnl lebratdeitci fowloenri te 7tho :to h euetq lauaanwyl and nd coexistenc 1, 2, 11 a A rticle 9 f(r2e()1e )Nd Eoov moeanrn yoedof nmpaeesa shayoa ccbseiea tf hutcioel oan mrsi.g spehemt ltlbeold y protection of the law. All are e in nd to belong to an association. entitled to equal protection pe 1 a 9 against any discrimination in c A Ar violation of this Declaration and e cce ticle against any incitement to such Article 20: s 1 discrimination. (1) Everyone has the right to s to ju , 10 a - ---- Everyone Ahartsic tlhee 8 :r ight to an freedoman odf paessaocceiafutiol ans. sembly st n effective remedy by the (2) No one may be compelled ic d e 1 competent national tribunals for to belong to an association. 1 acts violating the fundamental Article 23: rights granted him by the (1) Everyone has the right to constitution or by law. A work, to free choice of s Article 10: se employment, to just and m Everyone is entitled in full favourable conditions of work b A equality to a fair and public ly r and to protection against hearing by an independent and a tic unemployment. detiemrmpainratiatiol tnri bouf nhaisl ,r iignh tthse a nd nd O le 1 a - ---- dis(c2r)i mEvinearytioonne, ,h wasit hthoeu tr igahnty to obligations and of any criminal rg nd equal pay for equal work. charge against him. aniz 9 (3) Everyone who works has the Article 25: a right to just and favourable t Con (1) Everyone has the right to a ion remuneration ensuring for himself sc standard of living adequate for and his family an existence io u the health and well-being of worthy of human dignity, and s a p himself and of his family, supplemented, if necessary, by h ealthy environmentspropriation of natural resources and habitation in A rticle 1, 2, 5, 13 and 16 A rticle 2, 6, 14 and 16 eiaant(dbhnn2crsieoejo)eossolc iua rs rMcfyenr tidabriouea gc notiinintnsnhnlhtuhtisdtieghe cttamyeol me e et,mrfrsr osyo r dwa.lptoh a eaoA ssmioluctdoceoddnoltoloeckcoy ic , cco ds nm iuwceoaspahft or lsafrehleiiolw tlo cdslcbnyoncitevleih. rdataeoi ieera,ndiv n rydlnls ce lliip ogtoihc,,cchh nraoo,cewakoi elhdonkldnsdrth ,,oeee ddeh he asau vc o shaitisnssengthoa ,niidn oneedldlg tn r i nformationTransparency and access to A rticle 1, 2, 3 and 6 A rticle 12 fointaer(hwfm4noxefsE)ifrpyetr rev hmaEoep reemeevonterkarhodesudyed,ste tortoiir deoyoo terminpo onicmnnamAce trnt ; j eoert aio aeeottoohitrhinivacn fnenfa hei hedsdln o cesaot ro rs reptai tirfsad li1ghedo on inhntd9ehegn cfhdiio: aesot .saeer po isiiinmngn ru radic tnictnhaghpenliiealitonruohdra osltenddt nos ru tsst t se oo tg o sfs fh. o r frontiers. A v Article 24: opaaila A Everyone has the right to rest pnb r ortunitiesd sports ility of leisu - ---- ticle 7 alnimdpi teleariitsoiuodrneic ,o ihfn owcllioudrdakiiynnsgg w rheitohau sprosa nayan. bdle re Hossein Sadri 181 JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 3(2), 173-183 / 2019 Article 21: before achieving this ultimate goal, to improve (1) Everyone has the right to take the life conditions, spatial / social activism needs part in the government of his to justify its demands on the basis of A Participa rticle 1, 2 eqfr(euc2aeo) lluEy avn ccetrhcryyo,eo sdsensir enteo crhe ptaplyusr betohlsrie ceth nrsirtegoarhuvtitgiv coehef s .i n iUs2np2stia enntrginao aalr mtr ciigosonh matosl,fpl ytah hriusirse mostcnuao dnmgy ne riiditzgheehodntds t i falireeengsld atah tole end db toheteoclo u bwmsap leisasitnste itoadsf.l te , 3 Ar his country. practices: in , 8 tic (3) The will of the people shall be go , 12 le 1 the basis of the authority of 1. Freedom and Safety of Person verna , 18 a 2 geoxvperrensmseedn tin; t phies rwioidll isch aalnl bde 2. Access to public facilities and n n genuine elections which shall be adequate shelter c d e 1 by universal and equal suffrage 9 3. Freedom of Thought and expression and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting 4. Protection of Natural and Cultural procedures. Heritage Article 22: C Everyone, as a member of 5. Equality and Non-discrimination o llective a Article Article sroecsaeielciztuayr,t iithoyan as, ntthhdre ois ur ieggnhhtt in ttleaod tsioo tnoca ial l 6. FCaoirn adnitdio nCso nvenient Working nd fair de 1, 2, 5 a 3, 13 a opeweffirotahrtt i toahnne d ao nirngdtae innrn izaaactticiooonnra dal acnndoc -e 78.. SHoecaialthl Justice and Social Security v n n resources of each State, of the elopme d 11 d 14 rigehctos ninodmispice, nsosacbialel a fondr h cisu dltiugrnailt y 91.0 . AAdcceeqsusa ttoe s qoucaialilt yse orvf ilcifees and public n and the free development of his t facilities personality. 11. Adequate housing Subsequent to the above comparison study, the 12. Freedom to move and access to norms of spatial rights which are based on human rights norms and legal documents transportation facilities related to the rights in the city have been 13. Liberating and empowering education identified. Unlike the human rights norms, which are under the responsibility of nation states, the 14. Contribution to cultural life norms of spatial rights are in the scale of 15. Access to justice everyday life and their protection, fulfillment or respect is also possible in this scale. This very 16. Conscious appropriation of natural important feature of spatial rights relates them resources and habitation in healthy to the fields of spatial studies such as architecture and urban design. environments 17. Availability of leisure and sports 8. Conclusion Space, its production, use and change is opportunities strongly connected to our practices of building, 18. Solidarity and coexistence in peace dwelling and living. Spatial conditions and our ability to change them affect our individual and 19. Assembly and Organization social capabilities, and create power relations, 20. Transparency and access to advantages or vulnerabilities. Social practices are interdependent to spatial information practices. Accordingly, understanding space, 21. Participate in governance spatial practices and their relations with social practices paves the way for the realization of 22. Collective and fair development social movements. In this context, studies on These norms and the awareness regarding their spatioal rights such as Lefebvre’s concept of ethical and legal background, can create a ‘the Right to the City’ generate vision for the universal and human rights based criteria for ideal spatial / social practices and processes, performing and evaluating spatial practices. and building free societies and cities. However, Hossein Sadri 182