Archaeology oft he Appalachian Highlands Edited by Lynne P. Sullivan and Susan C. Prezzano The University of Tennessee Press I Knoxville Copyright © 2001 by The University of Tennessee Press / Knoxville. All Rjghts Reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Erst Edition. The paper used in this book meets the minimum requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (R 1997) (Permanence of Paper). The binding materials have been chosen for strength and durability. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Archaeology of the Appalachian Highlands / edited by Lynne P. Sullivan and Susan C. Prezzano.- lst ed. p. cm. ISBN 1-57233-142-9 (cl.: alk. paper) 1. Paleo-Indians-Appalachian Region. 2. Indians of North Ame1ica-Appalachian Region-Antiquities. 3. Excavations (Archaeology)-Appalachian Region. 4. Appalachian Region-Antiquities. I. Sullivan, Lynne P. II. Prezzano, Susan C. II I. Title. E78.A66 A73 2001 974'.0l-dc21 2001002744 Contents Preface xiv Acknowledgments xvii Introduction The Concept of Appalachian Archaeology xix Lynne P. Sullivan and Susan C. Prezzano Part I Ridges, Rises, Caves, and Rocks Aspects of the Appalachian Environment 1. HiOtops of the Allegheny Plateau A Preferred Microenvironment for Late Prehistoric Horticulturalists 3 Robert J. Hasenstab and William C. Johnson 2. Prehistoric Land-Use Patterns in North-Central Connecticut A Matter of Scale 19 Kenneth L. Feder 3. Geomorphology of Upland Regolith in the Unglaciated Appalachian Plateau Implications for Prehistoric Archaeology 31 David L. Cremeens and Jonathan C. Lothrop 4. Toward an Understanding of Prehistoric Cave Art in Southern Appalachia 49 Jan F. Simek, Susan R. Frankenberg, and Charles H. Faulkner v Part II The Earliest Highlanders Paleoindian and Archaic Period Research 5. Paleoindian Populations in Trans-Appalachia The View from Pennsylvania 67 Kurt W. Carr, James M. Adovasio, and David R. Pedler 6. Paleoindian Occupations of the Southern Appalachians A View from the Cumberland Plateau of Kentucky and Tennessee 88 Leon Lane and David G. Anderson 7. Articulating Hidden Histories of the Mid-Holocene in the Southern Appalachians 103 Kenneth E. Sassaman 8. Adding Complexity to Late Archaic Research in the Northeastern Appalachians 121 Nina M. Versaggi, LouAnn Wurst, T. Cregg Madrigal, and Andrea Lain Part ill Subregional Integration) Interaction) and Diversity in Later Prehistory 9. Early Woodland Burial Mounds of Kentucky Symbolic Elements in the Cultural Landscape 137 James P. Fenton 10. Late Woodland Palisaded Villages from Ontario to the Carolinas Their Potential for Accurate Population Estimates 149 James W. Hatch and Gregory H. Bondar 11. Late Prehistoric Cultures of the Upper Susquehanna Valley 168 Susan C. Prezzano and Christina B. Rieth 12. Subsistence-Settlement Change and Continuity in Western Pennsylvania 177 John P. Nass Jr. 13. Living on the Edge Mississippian Settlement in the Cumberland Gap Vicinity 198 Richard W. Jefferies 14. Political Economy in Late Prehistoric Southern Appalachia 222 Paul D. Welch vi / Contents 15. Architecture and Landscape in Late Prehistoric and Protohistoric Western North Carolina 238 Christopher B. Rodning Part IV Native Highlanders and Europeans 16. The Schaghticoke Nation and the Moravian Movement Tribal Revitalization without Assimilation in Highland Connecticut 252 Lucianne Lavin 17. The Lessons of Northern Iroquoian Demography 264 Dean R. Snow 18. Cherokee Archaeology since the 1970s 278 Gerald F. Schroedl PartV Perspectives on Appalachian Archaeowgy 19. Engendering Appalachian Archaeology 300 Cheryl Claassen 20. Geography, History, and the Appalachian Axis Mundi 306 Charles R. Cobb 21. An Evolutionary View of Appalachian Archaeology 311 William S. Dancey 22. Ridges, Rises, and Rocks; Caves, Coves, Terraces, and Hollows Appalachian Archaeology at the Millennium 319 Patty Jo Watson 23. A Conscious Appalachian Archaeology 323 Lynne P. Sullivan and Susan C. Prezzano References 333 Contributors 405 Index 407 Contents I vii Illustrations Figures 0.1 Comparison of Northern and Southern Appalachian Chronology xxviii 1.1 Slope-side Temperature Monitoring, Ellijay Test Site, North Carolina 9 2.1 Stone Tools Recovered at Firetown North 28 3.1a Plan View of a First-Order Drainage Basin in the Appalachian Plateau 36 3.1b Longitudinal Profile of Part of a First-Order Drainage Basin 36 3.2 Three Dominant Types of Regolith in the Appalachian Plateau 38 3.3 Soil Profiles at Site 46Ni275 40 3.4 Soil Profiles at Site 46Wall2 42 3.5 First-Order Valley Basin in the Appalachian Plateau 46 4.1 Sun Petroglyph from 3rd Unnamed Cave in Tennessee 54 4.2 Chevron Petroglyph from 3rd Unnamed Cave in Tennessee 54 4.3 Spider Mud Glyph from 1st Unnamed Cave in Tennessee 54 4.4 Shell Gorget with Spider Effigy from the Hixson Site in Tennessee 54 4.5 Shell Gorget with a Bird-Human Effigy from the Hixson Site 54 4.6 Bird-Human Petroglyph from 11th Unnamed Cave in Tennessee 55 4.7 Bird-Human Mud Glyph from 1st Unnamed Cave in Tennessee 55 4.8 Panel of Mud Glyphs from Mud Glyph Cave in Tennessee 55 4.9 Human Hand Prints in Clay from 1st Unnamed Cave in Tennessee 59 4.10 Drawing of a Barred X Mud Glyph from 1st Unnamed Cave in Tennessee 63 4.11 Drawing of Incised Decoration on Ceramic Vessel Handles from Chickamauga Reservoir in Tennessee 63 4.12 Panel of Human Face Effigies from 6th Unnamed Cave in Tennessee 63 5.1 Small Prismatic Blades at Meadowcroft Rockshelter 74 viii 5.2 Small Prismatic Blades from the Krajacic Site, Near Meadowcroft Rockshelter 73 5.3 Cylindrical Polyhedral Cores from the Krajacic Site 73 5.4 Miller Lanceolate Projectile Point from Meadowcroft Rockshelter 73 5.5 Site Densities for the Paleoindian Period, Early Archaic Period, and Bifurcate Point Horizon in Pennsylvania 76 5.6 Lithic Raw-Material Types Identified in Paleoindian, Early Archaic, and Bifurcate Point Assemblages from the Piedmont/Costa! Plain 79 5.7 Lithic Raw-Material Types Identified in Paleoindian, Early Archaic, and Bifurcate Point Assemblages from the Ridge and Valley 80 5.8 Lithic Raw-Material Types Identified in Paleoindian, Early Archaic, and Bifurcate Point Assemblages from the Glaciated Plateau 81 5.9 Lithic Raw-Material Types Identified in Paleoindian, Early Archaic, and Bifurcate Point Assemblages from the Unglaciated Plateau 82 5.10 Temporal Distribution of Riverine Sites from Four Physiographic Zones Defined for Pennsylvania 83 6.1 Paleoindian Period Diagnostics from the Northern Cumberland Plateau and Eastern Highland Rim of Kentucky and Tennessee 96 10.1 Roofed-over Area vs. Palisade Area for All Components 159 10.2 Roofed-over Area vs. Palisade Area for Iroquoian Components 159 10.3 Roofed-over Area vs. Palisade Area for Monongahela Components 160 10.4 Roofed-over Area vs. Palisade Area for All Other Components 160 10.5 Structure Size Frequency at Monongahela Sites 163 10.6 Average House Size at Monongahela Sites. 164 10.7 Roofed-over Area vs. Palisade Area of Monongahela Sites by Period 165 13.1 Civil Works Administration Field Crew Excavating Mound No. 1 at the Bowman Farm Site 205 13.2 Excavation of the Irvin Mound, Campbell County, Tennessee 205 13.3 The Croley-Evans Mound and Village, Knox County, Kentucky 210 13.4 The Carter Robinson Mound, Lee County, Virginia 216 14.1 Comparison of Deer Remains 227 14.2 Histogram of Distances between Pairs of Contemporary Components in Northern Georgia and Neighboring Areas 231 14.3 Citico-style Shell Gorget 234 16.1 "Moravian Chapel,'' Late 1960s or Early 1970s 256 Illustrations I ix