Appropriate Technologies for Third World Development INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ASSOCIATION PUBLICATIONS Monopoly and Competition and their Regulation The Economic Consequences of the Size of Nations The Theory of Capital Inflation The Economics of Take-off into Sustained Growth International Trade Theory in a Developing World The Theory of Interest Rates The Economics of Education Problems in Economic Development Price Formation in Various Economies The Distribution of National Income Risk and Uncertainty Economic Problems of Agriculture in Industrial Societies International Economic Relations Backward Areas in Advanced Countries Public Economics Economic Development in South Asia North American and Western European Economic Policies Planning and Market Relations The Gap between Rich and Poor Nations Latin America in the International Economy Models of Economic Growth Science and Technology in Economic Growth Allocation under Uncertainty Transport and the Urban Environment The Economics of Health and Medical Care The Management of Water Quality and the Environment Agriculture Policy in Developing Countries The Economic Development of Bangladesh Economic Factors in Population Growth Oassics in the Theory of Public Finance Methods of Long-term Planning and Forecasting Economic Integration The Economics of Public Services The Organization and Retrieval of Economic Knowledge The Microeconomic Foundations of Macroeconomics Economic Relations between East and West Econometric Contributions to Public Policy Appropriate Technologies for Third World Development Economic Growth and Resources National and International Economic Policies Appropriate Technologies for Third World Development Proceedings of a Conference held by the International Economic Association at Teheran, Iran EDITED BY AUSTIN ROBINSON ©International Economic Association 1979 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1979 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means without permission First published 1979 by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD London and Basingstoke Associated companies in Delhi Dublin Hong Kong Johannesburg Lagos Melbourne New York Singapore Tokyo British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Appropriate technologies for Third World development 1. Underdeveloped areas - Technology - Congresses I. Robinson, Austin II. International Economic Association 609'.172'4 T49.5 ISBN 978-1-349-03933-3 ISBN 978-1-349-03931-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-03931-9 This book is sold subject to the standard conditions of the Net Book Agreement Contents Acknowledgements vii List ofP articipants viii Introduction Austin Robinson xi Adaptation of Technologies to Available Resources Paul Bourrieres 1 Discussion 2 On Appropriate Technology Partha Dasgupta 12 Discussion 3 The Availability of Appropriate Technologies Austin Robinson 26 Discussion 4 Intermediate Technology in China's Rural Industries Carl Riskin 52 5 Appropriate Technologies: Some Aspects of Japanese Experience Discussion Shigeru Ishikawa 75 6 Appropriate Technology in the Dual Economy: Reflections on Philippine and Taiwanese Experience Gustav Ranis 140 Discussion 7 Some Practical Constraints on the Use of Appropriate Technologies in Turkish Industrial Development Gunal Kansu 160 8 Problems in the Generation of Appropriate Technologies Amulya Kumar Reddy 173 9 Technology and Industrialisation: Reflections on the Iranian Experience Farhad Rad-Serecht 190 Discussion 10 Some Reflections on the Choice of Appropriate Industrial Techno- logy for Developing Countries Rene Mercier 203 Discussion 11 Transfer and Adaptation of Technology: Unilever as a Case Study K. H. Veldhuis 219 12 The Choice of Appropriate Technology by a Multinational Corporation: A Case Study of Messrs Philips, Eindhoven J. C. Ramaer 239 Discussion vi Contents 13 Choice of Technologies: The Influence of Multilateral Financial Agencies Harold B. Dunkerley 250 14 The Role of Aid Donors in the Choice of Appropriate Technology J. M. Healey and J. T. Winpenny 265 15 Proposal for a Programme on Appropriate Technology prepared by the United States Agency for International Development Peter Thormann 278 Appendices to Chapter 15: 1 Proposal for a Programme in Appropriate Technology 280 2 Appropriate Factor Proportions for Manufacturing in Less Developed Countries: A Survey of the Evidence Lawrence J. White 300 3 Policies to Encourage the Use of Intermediate Technology Howard Pack 342 4 Appropriate Institutions for Appropriate Technology Bruce Koppel and Gary Hansen 367 Discussion 16 A Summing Up of the Conference Charles Cooper 403 Index 411 Acknowledgements The holding of the conference recorded in this book was made possible by the fmancial provision for it made available by Dr H. Nahavandi, then Rector of the University of Teheran, Iran. To him we wish to express our most grateful thanks. All the detailed arrangements for the conference were in the efficient hands of Dr Farh ad Rad-Serecht. He was indispensable in all we did. Finally we would wish to express our special gratitude to Mrs Frances Stewart, herself an expert in this field, who was responsible for the recording of our discussions. Programme Committee Austin Robinson Nurul Islam A.K. Sen K. N. Raj Rapporteurs Frances Stewart Michael Walton (Assistant) List of Participants Dr Warren Adams, Intermediate Technology Development Group, London Admiral Ardalan, Government of Iran, Teheran, Iran Dr Oumar Ba, Organisation pour la mise en valeur du Senegal, Dakar, senegal Dr A. S. Bhalla, Technology and Employment Branch, ILO, Geneva, Switzerland M. Paul Bourrieres, Bureau Central d'Etudes pour les Equipements d'Outre Mer, Paris, France Dr C. M. Cooper, Science Policy Research Unit, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK Dr Partha Dasgupta, London School of Economics, UK Dr H. B. Dunkerley, World Bank, Washington, DC, USA Dr Farvar, Teheran, Iran Professeur l.uc Fauvel, Secretary General, lEA, Paris, France Dr D. Gerrnidis, Centre de Developpement, Paris, France Mr John Healey, Ministry of Overseas Development, London, UK Professor Shigeru Ishikawa, Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo, Japan Professor Yasuzumi lwao, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan Dr Gunal Kansu, United Nations Development Programme, New York, USA Mr Aziz Rahman Khan, International Labour Office, Geneva, Switzerland Dr Dietrich Kebschull, lnstitut fUr Wirtschaftsforschung, Hamburg, FRG Professor B. Fritsch, Center for Economic Research, Zurich Professor Fritz Machlup, Princeton University, USA Professeur Edmond Malinvaud, (President, lEA), Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques, Paris, France Mr D. H. Mallinson, National Engineering Laboratory, East Kilbride, Scotland M. Rene Mercier, Societe d'Etudes pour le developpement economique et social, Paris, France M. Charles Michalet, Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur l'Entreprise Multi- nationale, Universite de Paris, France M. Charles Moraze, Institut d'Etudes Economiques et Sociales, Paris, France Professeur H. Nahavandi, Universite de Teheran, Teheran, Iran Dr Eric Rahim, David Iivingstone Institute of Overseas Development Studies, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK Dr J. C. Ramaer, Bureau for External Economic Relations, NV Philips, Gloeilampenfabrieken, Waalre (N.B.), Netherlands Dr F. Rad-Serecht, Office du Recteur, Universite de Teheran, Iran Professor G. Ranis, Economic Growth Center, Yale University, New Haven, USA List of Participants ix Dr Rassekh, Teheran, Iran Professor A. K. D. Reddy, UN Environment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya Professor Carl A. Riskin, East Asian Institute, Columbia University, New York, USA Professor Sir Austin Robinson, University of Cambridge, UK Dr Fredrik Sager, International Centre for Industrial Studies, UNIDO, Vienna, Austria Mr Christian Schmidt, University of Paris, France Dr J. Sigurdson, Scandinavian Institute of Asian Studies, Copenhagen, Denmark Mrs Frances Stewart, (Rapporteur) Queen Elizabeth House, Oxford, UK Dr Peter Thormann, Sector and Program Analysis Division, Department of State, Agency for International Development, Washington DC, USA Mr Karel Veldhuis, Unilever Limited, London, UK Mr Michael Walton, (Assistant Rapporteur), Magdalen College, Oxford, UK Observer Mr Peter Lengyel, UNESCO, Paris, France Interpreters M. Andre Naudeau, Boulogne/Billancourt, France Mile Marie-Rose Waller, St Ooud, France lEA Secretariat Miss Mary Crook, Administrative Secretary, lEA, Paris, France