Georgia Baptist College of Nursing Mercer University APA Style and Grammar Guide 2017-2018 7.3.17 Page 1 of 67 Georgia Baptist College of Nursing of Mercer University Prepared by Susan Sweat Gunby, RN, PhD APA Style & Grammar Review 2017-2018 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.) [3rd printing: October 2009]. Washington, DC: Author. Points of Emphasis and Requirements The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.) [2010, 3rd printing] is the style and standards manual for all aspects of the preparation of assignments within Georgia Baptist College of Nursing of Mercer University. The following sections and quotes from the above mentioned APA Manual should be carefully reviewed before and during the writing process: • FROM: Section 1.10 and Sections 6.01 – 6.02 Plagiarism and Self-Plagiarism and Sections 6.03 through 6.08 Quoting and Paraphrasing “Quotation marks should be used to indicate the exact words of another. Each o time you paraphrase another author (i.e., summarize a passage or rearrange the order of a sentence and change some of the words), you need to credit the source in the text” (APA Manual, 2010. p. 15). “. . . authors do not present the work of another as if it were their own work. o This can extend to ideas as well as written words” (APA Manual, 2010, p. 16). “Just as researchers do not present the work of others as their own (plagiarism), o they do not present their own previously published work as new scholarship (self plagiarism)” (APA Manual, 2010, p. 16). Page 2 of 67 “When quoting, always provide the author, year, and specific page citation or o paragraph number for nonpaginated material in the text and include a complete reference in the reference list” (APA Manual, 2010, p. 170). Quotations of fewer than 40 words should be incorporated into the text and use o double quotation marks. Quotations appearing in mid-sentence are ended with quotation marks followed by a citation of the source in parentheses immediately following the quotation marks, and continue with sentence (APA Manual, 2010, pp. 170-171). • EXAMPLE: Addressing the ethos of caring science, Eriksson (2003) noted “that it has its own language” (p. 23), and true knowledge becomes visible through ethos. • Use of Block Quotation: If a quotation comprises more than 40 words, display it in a freestanding block of o text (i.e., a block quotation)  Omit the quotation marks.  Start this block quotation on a new line.  Indent the block about a half an inch {5 spaces} from the left margin in the same position as a new paragraph.  If there are additional paragraphs within the quotation, indent the first line of each an additional half inch {5 spaces}.  At the end of a block quotation, cite the quoted sources and the page or paragraph number in parenthesis after the final punctuation mark. ____________________________________________________________________ • Writing Style, Grammar, and Usage (APA Manual, 2010, pp. 65-86)  Grammar and usage (pp. 65-86) IMPORTANT: Select the tense of the verb carefully. o  “Use the past tense to express an action or condition that occurred at a specific, definite time in the past, as when discussing another researcher’s work and when reporting your results” (p. 78).  “Use the present perfect tense to express a past action or condition that did not occur at a specific, definite time or to describe an action beginning in the past and continuing to the present” (p. 78).  Either past tense (e.g., "Jones showed") or present perfect tense (e.g., "researchers have shown") is appropriate for the review of the literature section of the dissertation or paper and for the description of the Page 3 of 67 procedure if the discussion is of past events. Stay within the chosen tense (pp. 65-66).  Use past tense (e.g., "anxiety decreased significantly") to describe the results (p. 66).  Use the present tense (e.g., "the results of Experiment 2 indicate") to discuss implications of the results and to present the conclusions. "By reporting conclusions in the present tense, you allow readers to join you in deliberating the matter at hand" (p. 66). The words data, phenomena, and curricula are plural. o  See the APA Style website (www.apastyle.org) for examples of agreement of subject and verb with collective nouns. A pronoun must agree in gender with the noun it replaces (pp. 79-80): o  Use who for human beings;  Use that or which for nonhuman animals or for things. Refer to pp. 65-86 and the APA Style website for more information on o grammar and usage. • Mechanics of Style (APA Manual, 2010, pp. 87-124) Punctuation o  IMPORTANT: Spacing after punctuation marks: • One space after: Commas; o Colons; o Semicolons; o Periods that separate parts of a reference citation; and o Periods of the initials in personal names. o EXCEPTION: Do not insert a space after internal periods in o abbreviations (including identity-concealing labels for study participates) or around colons in ratios. • Two spaces after: Punctuation marks at the end of a sentence. o Comma [Serial comma, Oxford comma, or Harvard comma] o  Use a comma between elements (including before and and or) in a series of three or more items. (see p. 88 of APA Manual) Page 4 of 67 Do Not Use a Comma: o  Before an essential or restrictive clause, that is, a clause that limits or defines the material it modifies. Removal of such a clause from the sentence would alter the intended meaning. • Example: The switch that stops the recording device also controls the light.  Between two parts of a compound predicate. • Example: The results contradicted Smith's hypothesis and indicated the effect was nonsignificant.  To separate parts of measurement. • Examples: 8 years 2 months or 3 minutes 40 seconds Use brackets: o  To enclose the values that are limits of a confidence interval. • Example: 95% CIs [-7.2, 4.3], [9.2, 12.4], and [-1.2, -0.5]  To enclose parenthetical material that is already within parentheses. • Example: (The results for the control group [n=8] are also presented in Figure 2.] An exception has been added in the APA Manual, 6th edition, so that numbers o expressing approximate lengths of time can be written as words -- example: “about three months ago” (see sections 4.31-4.32). Refer to the pertinent APA Manual sections for additional information about the o following:  When to use a zero before a decimal fraction (see Section 4.35),  Report p values to two or three decimal places (see Section 4.35),  Including effect sizes and confidence internals in statistics (see 4.44.), and Format for reporting confidence levels (see section 4.10). o See page 67 for information about Economy of Expression. o  One common error is overuse of the word “that.” • Read, and then read again, all sentences which contain the word "that." Many times "that" can be omitted, or the word "which" can be substituted. Sometimes, however, "that" is necessary and must remain in the sentence. • “That” not needed: I am certain that you understand everything I am trying to say. Page 5 of 67 • Better way: I am certain you understand everything I am trying to say.  Another common error is the improper use of the word “its.” • It's is NOT possessive. It's means: It is. (A contraction) o Never, never is an apostrophe used in its to o show possession. • Correct: Its paw. Its nose. Its leg. Its house. • Incorrect: It's paw. It's nose. It's leg. It's house. [When used this way, you are saying: It is o paw. It is nose. It is leg. It is house.] Capitalization o  In titles and headings, capitalize all words of four letters or more. (pp. 101-102)  Levels of Heading The APA Manual does not "count" the title of a paper (as listed on the first page o of the actual document or the introduction section) as Level 1 headings.  Therefore, the title of a paper should be: Centered, Non-bolded, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading. (see p. 42 of APA Manual) The next Level of Heading used in the body of a paper will be a Level 1 Heading. o  Therefore, a Level 1 heading will be: Centered, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading. • (see p. 62, Table 3.1 and see p. 63 for additional info; also, see p. 44 for the example in the sample paper). The next level of heading will be a Level 2 heading. o  This will be: Flush left, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading. • See the same pages listed above for examples/info on Levels of Headings See the below information (from p. 62 in the APA Manual) for information related to o the other heading levels. Page 6 of 67 ***NOTE: According to APA policies, use of the above material (or any material from the APA Manual) is limited to classroom or teaching purposes. Do not reproduce or publish this material without permission from the Permissions Office of the American Psychological Association.  Running Head The full length "running head" is positioned flush left on ALL pages of the o document -- on the same line with the page number.  However, the phrase "Running head" - followed by a colon - is ONLY used on the title page.  ALL pages following the title page have the "running head" in ALL UPPERCASE LETTERS and placed IN FULL LENGTH in the FLUSH LEFT position. In summary: The "running head" is in ALL UPPERCASE LETTERS AND placed IN o FULL LENGTH in the FLUSH LEFT position on ALL pages of the document. The running head is an abbreviated title that identifies the article for readers. The running head should be a maximum of 50 characters (counting letters, punctuation, and spaces between words.)  See examples on pp. 41-59 and see the description of this running head on p. 229.  Fonts The document must be typed in any standard typeface. Recommended typefaces o include: Arial, Calibri, or Times New Roman. Page 7 of 67 Use 12 point font. o Entire document (including running head, figure and table captions, and page o numbers) must be typed in the same typeface and font size.  Title Page Elements (1)Title of the paper. • It is recommended the title be no more than 12 words and all words of four letters or more must be capitalized. • Title should be positioned in the upper half of the page. • Identify the title page with the page number 1. a. See p. 101 for more info. (2) Running head. • See running head info in the above section. (3) Author byline/name. • However, no titles or degrees are listed. (4) Institutional affiliation. • Georgia Baptist College of Nursing of Mercer University (5) Author note. *** Note the 6th edition of the APA Manual indicates students should be aware they do not have to include an Author Note on the Title page for theses and dissertations (See p. 229)  E-mail Communications From Individuals Should be cited as personal communications. Because they do not provide o recoverable data, personal communications are not included in the reference list. Cite personal communications in text only. Give the initials as well as the o surname of the communicator, and provide as exact a date as possible. Examples: • T. K. Lutes (personal communication, April 18, 2001) • (V. G. Nguyen, personal communication, September 28, 1998) It is possible to send an e-mail note disguised as someone else. Authors—not journal editors or copy editors—are responsible for the accuracy of all references, which includes verifying the source of e-mail communications before citing them as personal communications in manuscripts. (adapted from the sixth edition of the APA Manual) Page 8 of 67  Citation of website material with no author, no year, and no page numbers Because the material does not include page numbers, include any of the o following in the text to cite the quotation (from pp. 170-171 of APA Manual): • A paragraph number, if provided. Alternatively, count paragraphs down from the beginning of the document. • An overarching heading plus a paragraph number within that section. • A short title in quotation marks, in cases in which the heading is too unwieldy to cite in full. Because there is no date and no author, the text citation would include the title (or shorten title) in quotation marks, n.d. for no date {note there is no space after the period between the "n" and "d}, and paragraph number (e.g., "Heuristic," n.d., para. 1). The entry in the reference list might look like this: Heuristic. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster's online dictionary (11th ed.). Retrieved from http: www.m- w.com/dictionary/heuristic  Use of Digital Object Identifiers (DOI) The DOI is a permanent digital identifier given to an object. Its most common o application is identifying electronic documents. Through the use of international concordats and computer programming, a DOI will o locate the online version of an article even if the publisher has changed Web addresses. Type or use the copy-paste function of word processor to capture the article DOI o and place it at the end of the reference. Do not put a period at the end of the DOI string o If there is no DOI, cite the home page URL. o When an online resource citation includes a DOI, no further retrieval information o (such as an http address) is needed. When a DOI is not available, and a URL is included, do NOT include a retrieval date o unless the source material may change over time (such as in wikis). If there is a DOI, use the DOI (for both print and electronic sources) (APA Manual, o p. 189) See APA Manual (pp. 187-192), APA's FAQ on DOIs online, or refer to o http://www.doi.org The DOI string can be placed in a search engine (such as Google) to find an article. o  Or, the DOI string can be appended to http://dx.doi.org/ and copied into a search engine or browser's address bar. Example: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0894318410371842 o CrossRef is a DOI resolver (see CrossRef.org); free use o Page 9 of 67  The following information is from the CrossRef website: • CrossRef is an independent membership association, founded and directed by publishers. • CrossRef is the official DOI link registration agency for scholarly and professional publications. • CrossRef started CrossCheck (powered by iThenticate) for the purpose of engaging in efforts to prevent scholarly and professional plagiarism. The iThenticate document checking software is central to CrossCheck. For further information, refer to: o http://www.crossref.org/crosscheck.html  Additional Important Sections of the APA Manual Include: Quoting and paraphrasing (see pp. 170-173) o Citing references in text (see pp. 174-179) o Refer to Table 6.1 (p. 117) for an excellent summary of the basic o citation styles. Construction and components of a reference list (pp. 180-192) o  Additional Helpful Information Related to APA Style The word Internet is used with a capital "I" o Collective nouns (e.g., series, set, faculty, or pair) can refer to either to several o individuals to a single unit. If the action of the verb is on the group as a whole, treat the noun as a singular noun. If the action of the verb is on members of the group as individuals, treat the noun as a plural noun. [refer to Section 3.19 of APA Manual & information on the APA website]  In summary: The context (i.e., your emphasis) determines whether the action is on the group or on individuals. The pronoun none can be singular or plural: When the noun following it is singular, o use a singular verb; when the noun is plural, use a plural verb. If you mean "not one," use not one instead of none and use a plural verb. [refer to Section 3.19 of APA Manual & information on the APA website] See pp. 172-173 {Section 6.08} of the APA Manual for information on the proper use o of ellipsis points.  See p. 32+ in this document for additional information on the use of ellipsis points. Page 10 of 67