Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents SecondEdition CambridgeChildandAdolescentPsychiatry Childandadolescentpsychiatryisanimportantandgrowingareaofclinicalpsychiatry.Thelastdecade hasseenarapidexpansionofscientificknowledgeinthisfieldandhasprovidedanewunderstandingof theunderlyingpathologyofmentaldisordersintheseagegroups.Thisseriesisaimedatpractitioners andresearchersbothinchildandadolescentmentalhealthservicesandindevelopmentalandclinical neuroscience.Focusingonpsychopathology,ithighlightsthosetopicswherethegrowthofknowledge hashadthegreatestimpactonclinicalpracticeandonthetreatmentandunderstandingofmental illness.Individualvolumesbenefitfromboththeinternationalexpertiseoftheircontributorsandalso fromacoherencegeneratedthroughauniformstyleandstructurefortheseries.Eachvolumeprovides, first,ahistoricaloverviewandacleardescriptiveaccountofthepsychopathologyofaspecificdisorder orgroupofrelateddisorders.Thesefeaturesthenformthebasisforathoroughcriticalreviewofthe etiology,naturalhistory,management,prevention,andimpactonlateradultadjustment.Whileeach volumeisthereforecompleteinitsownright,volumesalsorelatetoeachothertocreateaflexibleand collectableseriesthatshouldappealtostudentsaswellasexperiencedscientistsandpractitioners. EditorialBoard SerieseditorProfessorIanM.GoodyerUniversityofCambridge Associateeditors DrRobertN.Goodman ProfessorDrHermanvanEngeland InstituteofPsychiatry,London AcademischZiekenhuisUtrecht ProfessorBarryNurcombe ProfessorFredR.Volkmar TheUniversityofQueensland YaleChildStudyCenter ProfessorDrHelmutRemschmidt KlinikumderPhilipps-Universita¨t,Marburg,Germany Alreadypublishedinthisseries: AutismandPervasiveDevelopmentalDisorders,SecondeditioneditedbyFredR.Volkmar 9780521549578paperback EatingDisordersinChildrenandAdolescentseditedbyTonyJaffaandBrettMcDermott 9780521613125paperback CognitiveBehaviourTherapyforChildrenandFamilies,SecondeditioneditedbyPhilipGraham 9780521529921paperback SuicideinChildrenandAdolescentseditedbyRobertA.KingandAlanApter 9780521622264paperback HyperactivityandAttentionDisordersofChildhood,SecondeditioneditedbySeijaSandberg 9780521789615paperback OutcomesinNeurodevelopmentalandGeneticDisorderseditedbyPatriciaHowlinand OrleeUdwin 9780521797214paperback PracticalChildandAdolescentPsychopharmacologyeditedbyStanKutcher 9780521655422paperback SpecificLearningDisabilitiesandDifficultiesinChildrenandAdolescents:Psychological AssessmentandEvaluationeditedbyAlanKaufmanandNadeenKaufman 9780521658409paperback PsychotherapywithChildrenandAdolescentseditedbyHelmutRemschmidt 9780521576727paperback TheDepressedChildandAdolescent,SecondeditioneditedbyIanM.Goodyer 9780521775588paperback SchizophreniainChildrenandAdolescentseditedbyHelmutRenschmidt 9780521794282paperback ConductDisordersinChildhoodandAdolescenceeditedbyJonathanHillandBarbaraMaughan 9780521786393paperback Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents Second Edition Editedby Wendy K. Silverman ProfessorofPsychologyandDirectoroftheChildAnxietyandPhobiaProgram, FloridaInternationalUniversity,Miami,Florida,USA Andy P. Field ProfessorofChildPsychopathologyattheUniversityofSussex,Brighton,UK cambridgeuniversitypress Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown, Singapore,Sa˜oPaulo,Delhi,Tokyo,MexicoCity CambridgeUniversityPress TheEdinburghBuilding,CambridgeCB28RU,UK PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521721486 (cid:2)c CambridgeUniversityPress2001,2011 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firsteditionpublishedin2001byCambridgeUniversityPress Secondeditionpublishedin2011byCambridgeUniversityPress PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,Cambridge AcatalogrecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloginginpublicationdata Anxietydisordersinchildrenandadolescents/editedbyWendyK.Silverman,AndyField.–2nded. p. ; cm.–(Cambridgechildandadolescentpsychiatry) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-521-72148-6(pbk.) 1.Anxietyinchildren. 2.Anxietyinadolescence. 3.Childpsychotherapy. 4.Adolescentpsychotherapy. I.Silverman,WendyK. II.Field,AndyP. III.Title. IV.Series:Cambridgechildandadolescentpsychiatryseries. [DNLM:1.AnxietyDisorders–diagnosis. 2.AnxietyDisorders–therapy. 3.Adolescent Development. 4.Adolescent. 5.ChildDevelopment. 6.Child.WM172] RJ506.A58A585 2011 618.92(cid:3)8522–dc23 2011017972 ISBN978-0-521-72148-6Paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceor accuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredto inthispublicationanddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuch websitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. Everyefforthasbeenmadeinpreparingthisbooktoprovideaccurateandup-to-dateinformationwhichisin accordwithacceptedstandardsandpracticeatthetimeofpublication.Althoughcasehistoriesaredrawn fromactualcases,everyefforthasbeenmadetodisguisetheidentitiesoftheindividualsinvolved. Nevertheless,theauthors,editors,andpublisherscanmakenowarrantiesthattheinformationcontained hereinistotallyfreefromerror,notleastbecauseclinicalstandardsareconstantlychangingthroughresearch andregulation.Theauthors,editors,andpublishersthereforedisclaimallliabilityfordirectorconsequential damagesresultingfromtheuseofmaterialcontainedinthisbook.Readersarestronglyadvisedtopaycareful attentiontoinformationprovidedbythemanufacturerofanydrugsorequipmentthattheyplantouse. This book is dedicated to Daniel and Rachel WKS Dedicated to Grandad Alf and Grandad Harry, to whom I aspire to be APF Contents Listofcontributors pageix Preface xiii Section1 Historicalandconceptualissues 1 Anxietyanditsdisordersinchildrenandadolescentsinhistoricalperspective 3 PhilipD.A.TreffersandWendyK.Silverman 2 Theclinicalphenomenologyandclassificationofchildandadolescentanxiety 25 AntonioCastroFonsecaandSeanPerrin 3 Thedevelopmentalepidemiologyofanxietydisorders:phenomenology, prevalence,andcomorbidity 56 E.JaneCostello,HelenL.Egger,WilliamCopeland,AlaattinErkanli,andAdrianAngold 4 The“normal”developmentoffear 76 PeterMurisandAndyP.Field 5 Socialanxietydisorder:anormalfeargoneawry? 90 CarolineL.BokhorstandP.MichielWestenberg 6 Informationprocessingbiasesinchildandadolescentanxiety:adevelopmental perspective 103 AndyP.Field,JulieA.Hadwin,andKathrynJ.Lester 7 Adultmodelsofanxietyandtheirapplicationtochildrenandadolescents 129 SamCartwright-Hatton,ShirleyReynolds,andCharlotteWilson Section2 Thebiologyofchildandadolescentanxiety 8 Thegeneticbasisofchildandadolescentanxiety 161 AliceM.GregoryandThaliaC.Eley 9 Thebrainandbehaviorinchildhoodandadolescentanxietydisorders 179 DanielS.Pine 10 Temperamentandanxietyinchildrenandadolescents 198 ChristopherJ.Lonigan,BethM.Phillips,ShaunaB.Wilson,andNicholasP.Allan vii viii Contents Section3 Environmentalinfluencesonchildandadolescentanxiety 11 Theroleoflearningintheetiologyofchildandadolescentfearandanxiety 227 AndyP.FieldandHelenaM.Purkis 12 Traumaticevents 257 PatrickSmith,SeanPerrin,andWilliamYule 13 Child–parentrelations:attachmentandanxietydisorders 280 KatharinaManassis 14 Parentingandchildanxiety 299 CathyCreswell,LynneMurray,JamesStacey,andPeterCooper 15 Peerinfluences 323 AnnetteM.LaGrecaandRyanR.Landoll Section4 Preventionandtreatmentofchildandadolescentanxiety 16 Preventionofchildandadolescentanxietydisorders 349 HeidiJ.LynehamandRonM.Rapee 17 Pharmacologicalmanagementofchildhoodandadolescentanxietydisorders 367 LaurelPelligrino,CourtneyPierce,andJohnT.Walkup 18 Treatment:anupdateandrecommendations 392 WendyK.SilvermanandLuciM.Motoca Index 419 Contributors NicholasP.Allan ThaliaC.Eley DepartmentofPsychology,FloridaState Social,GeneticandDevelopmental University,Tallahassee,FL,USA PsychiatryCentre,InstituteofPsychiatry, King’sCollege,London,UK AdrianAngold DukeUniversityMedicalCenter,Durham, AlaattinErkanli NC,USA DukeUniversityMedicalCenter,Durham, NC,USA CarolineL.Bokhorst LeidenUniversityInstituteofPsychology, AndyP.Field Leiden,theNetherlands SchoolofPsychology,UniversityofSussex, SamCartwright-Hatton Brighton,UK SchoolofPsychology,Universityof Manchester,UK AntonioCastroFonseca FacultyofPsychologyandEducational PeterCooper Sciences,UniversityofCoimbra, SchoolofPsychologyandClinical Portugal LanguageSciences,UniversityofReading, UK AliceM.Gregory WilliamCopeland DepartmentofPsychology,Goldsmiths, DukeUniversityMedicalCenter,Durham, UniversityofLondon,UK NC,USA JulieA.Hadwin E.JaneCostello DevelopmentalBrain–Behaviour DukeUniversityMedicalCenter,Durham, Laboratory,UniversityofSouthampton, NC,USA UK CathyCreswell AnnetteM.LaGreca SchoolofPsychologyandClinical DepartmentofPsychology,Universityof LanguageSciences,UniversityofReading, Miami,CoralGables,FL,USA UK HelenL.Egger RyanR.Landoll DukeUniversityMedicalCenter,Durham, DepartmentofPsychology,Universityof NC,USA Miami,CoralGables,FL,USA ix