Andrea Cito Marinho Abrigo desmontável para emergências ambientais utilizando painel-sanduíche de Bambu Dissertação de Mestrado Dissertação apresentada como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre pelo Programa de Pós- Graduação em Engenharia Urbana e Ambiental do Departamento de Engenharia Civil da PUC-Rio (Opção: Profissional). Orientador: Prof. Rafael Soares Gonçalves Co-Orientador: Prof. Khosrow Ghavami Rio de Janeiro Abril de 2013 Andrea Cito Marinho Abrigo desmontável para emergências ambientais utilizando painel-sanduíche de Bambu Dissertação apresentada como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Urbana e Ambiental do Departamento de Engenharia Civil da PUC-Rio. Aprovada pela Comissão Examinadora abaixo assinada. Prof. Rafael Soares Gonçalves Presidente / Orientador Departamento de Serviço Social - PUC-Rio Prof. Khosrow Ghavami Co-Orientador Departamento de Engenharia Civil - PUC-Rio Prof. Celso Romanel Departamento de Engenharia Civil - PUC-Rio Prof. Luís Eustáquio Moreira UFMG Prof. Conrado de S. Rodrigues CFTMG Prof. Romildo D. Toledo Filho UFRJ Prof. José Eugênio Leal Coordenador Setorial de Pós-Graduação do Centro Técnico Científico - PUC-Rio Rio de Janeiro, 15 de abril de 2013 Todos os direitos reservados. É proibida a reprodução total ou parcial do trabalho sem a autorização da universidade, da autora e do orientador. Andréa Cito Marinho Graduou-se em Arquitetura e Urbanismo na Universidade Santa Úrsula em 1983. Cursou Análise de Sistemas na CCE-PUC-Rio em 1988, Engenharia Legal e de Avaliações na UFF em 1996. Pós- Graduada em Análise e Avaliação Ambiental pela PUC-Rio em 1998. Foi consultora do IME-RJ nas áreas ambiental e de arquitetura. Trabalhou como analista de sistemas na Dataprev. É sócia-diretora da Viewpoint Arquitetura e responsável por projetos, construções, consultoria ambiental e avaliações de imóveis urbanos para clientes como CEF, Castrol, Rexxam, Casa de Rui Barbosa, entre outros. Ficha Catalográfica Marinho, Andréa Cito Abrigo desmontável para emergências ambientais e desenvolvimento de painel- sanduíche utilizando bambu / Andréa Cito Marinho ; orientador: Khosrow Ghavami ; co- orientador: Rafael Soares Gonçalves. – 2013. 184 f. : il. (color.) ; 30 cm Dissertação (mestrado)–Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Urbana e Ambiental, 2013. Inclui bibliografia 1. Engenharia civil – Teses. 2. Painéis- sanduíche. 3. Bambu. 4. Tetrapak. 5. Resina de mamona. 6. Desastres ambientais. 7. Desenvolvimento sustentável. l. Ghavami, Khosrow. II. Gonçalves, Rafael Soares. III. Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro. Departamento de Engenharia Civil. VI. Título. CDD: 624 Dedico este trabalho ao meu pai, Renato Cito, Engenheiro Civil, que me ensinou a achar a vida bela e a aprender sempre, E, à minha mãe, Glycia, que com sua vitalidade contagiante me ensina como nunca desanimar, Ao meu marido João, pelo carinho, sabedoria e companheirismo, que me fizeram chegar ao final deste trabalho, Aos meus filhos queridos, que me entendem, me dão força, e são a razão de toda a minha vida. Agradecimentos Aos meus orientadores Prof. Ghavami e Prof. Rafael Gonçalves por todo o apoio e pelas muitas horas dedicadas, À Viewpoint Arquitetura e Consultoria Ltda. que patrocinou meu curso de Mestrado e financiou toda a pesquisa, À minha família por todo o apoio, carinho, dedicação e parceria, Aos colegas Lorena Chamurro, João Krause, André Pinto, e Diego que me ajudaram a caminhar, Aos funcionários dos Laboratórios da PUC, LEM e ITUC, À Paula Enoy, do Departamento de Engenharia Civil, super prestativa, sempre pronta para ajudar, Aos colegas de turma do mestrado, À coordenação do curso pelo apoio para a realização dos ensaios, especialmente ao Professor Celso Romanel pela ajuda e esclarecimentos técnicos, à Comissão Examinadora e a todos os professores, brasileiros e alemães pelos ensinamentos transmitidos. Resumo Marinho, Andréa Cito; Soares, Rafael Gonçalves (Orientador); Ghavami, Khosrow (Co-Orientador). Abrigo desmontável para emergências ambientais utilizando painel-sanduíche de Bambu. Rio de Janeiro, 2013, 184p. Dissertação de Mestrado – Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro. As três medidas de sobrevivência logo após a ocorrência de desastres ambientais, de acordo com a Cruz Vermelha Internacional, são: o fornecimento de alimentos, medicação e abrigo. O objetivo deste trabalho é propor uma solução sustentável para atender às famílias desabrigadas em desastres ambientais, imediatamente. Para viabilizar o provimento de abrigo num curto espaço de tempo foi desenvolvido um painel de bambu, tipo sanduíche, utilizando-se uma composição de materiais naturais como: bambu e óleo de mamona, e placas de resíduos reciclados, que não são poluentes, têm baixo custo e baixo consumo de energia. Para a montagem dos painéis foram utilizadas placas recicladas nas faces e o núcleo de bambu em estrutura alveolar que é fixado às placas através de adesivo de poliuretano vegetal, à base de óleo de mamona. O comportamento mecânico do painel sanduíche de bambu desenvolvido neste trabalho foi analisado para aplicação em edificações. Este é um estudo pioneiro, não foram encontradas referências no Brasil nem no exterior, nem estudos semelhantes. O resultado deste estudo é um abrigo modular, em que o módulo proposto é o núcleo de uma habitação que poderá ser expandida e se tornar definitiva. O abrigo é também desmontável podendo ser recolhido e transportado para outros lugares onde haja necessidade. Palavras-chave Abrigos emergenciais; painéis-sanduíche; bambu; tetrapak; resina de mamona; desastres ambientais; desenvolvimento sustentável. Extended Abstract Marinho, Andréa Cito; Soares, Rafael Gonçalves (Advisor); Ghavami, Khosrow (Co-Advisor). Deployable sheltering design to post-disaster emergencies and development of sustainable sandwich panels using Bamboo. Rio de Janeiro, 2013, 184p. MSc. Dissertation – Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro. The International Red Cross listed the three relief priorities in Environmental Disasters: food, medicine and shelter. Providing shelter allows quickly returning to normal life, and keeps families connected. Furthermore establishing the routine stimulates the reconstruction of affected areas. This work presents a quick solution aligned to concepts of sustainability, green building and waste recycling, to catch up affected families needs on environmental disasters events. In order to provide shelter in a very short time, a sandwich panel composed of a bamboo honeycomb core was developed, in a new approach of bamboo utilization, and recycled material panels glued with castor oil resin. The material used are natural and non pollutant, recycled, low-carbon, low-cost housing and low energy consumption. A sandwich panel was developed and its mechanical behavior analyzed for building applications. The main objective of this work was developing a resistant material, ecologic, sustainable, using residues, and local, ingenious and natural materials, that must be strong enough to substitute conventional materials and, at the same time economically feasible, to address emergency sheltering. As a result, a modular shelter is proposed, in which the minimum module is like a core house nevertheless it can be expanded turn in a permanent home. The shelter is also portable as it can be collected and transferred to other places, wherever needed. Introduction In recent times the world have been witnessing overwhelming natural disasters caused by floods, inundations, earthquakes, tsunamis, typhoons, hurricanes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, cyclones, as the runoff that occurred in 2011, at Rio de Janeiro mountain range. This tragedy left a trail of destruction, human and material losses, and was considered our greatest natural disaster since 1967, with about 918 people killed, over 300 people missing and about 30 thousand homelessness. (Rio de Janeiro Civil Defense, 2011). All over the world, thousands of people become homeless overnight. Governments and Humanitarian Entities are used to providing shelters that become definitive at the end. The reconstruction process is frequently slow, especially in poor countries, where often makeshift tents become housing for long periods of time. In Pisco, Peru, five years after the 2007 earthquake there were 180,000 homeless living precariously. (Direito.org, 2012) In Port-Au-Prince, Haiti, two and a half years after the tragedy of 2010, there were 78,175 homeless people living in makeshift shacks on former landfill. (Oxfam GB, 2012). And, even in rich countries, like Japan, the earthquake and tsunami in Fukushima, March 2011, two years later it still accounts for 21 000 people with relatives or shelters. (UN (OCHA), 2013 apud Exame Magazine). Besides, in Brazil happened the same way, two years after the flood of 2011 that hit the mountainous region of Rio de Janeiro, none of the six thousand houses promised by the government was built and 8311 families are still receiving rent assistance (State Department of Social Services, 2013). "Developing countries suffer the worst impacts, for example, among 262 million people affected by climate disasters annually from 2000 to 2004, over 98 percent live in developing countries"(United Nations Development Programme, 2008:8). Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) - United Nations Program for Environment (UNEP). While governments provide the infrastructure works and negotiate land for the construction of new houses, it is essential that construction researchers create solutions that meet these needs to provide decent housing during this long standby time. Even though natural disasters have been happening frequently since ancient times, modern society way of life with its industries, carbon dioxide emissions and waste production have been contributing to increase these events. In the other hand, as the accelerated growth of world population and the number of people living in urban areas is expected to increase, more people will lost their lives, damages will be more devastating, and more houses will be destroyed, especially those built over unstable areas, most of them occupied by poor people. Furthermore, the materials frequently used for city buildings and infrastructure are pollutant in most cases, either at the manufacturing process and in the construction itself, besides, urban areas absorbing and releasing heat during the night contribute to increase the temperature and cause a negative effect, mostly known as Urban Heat Islands. State-of-art Government Institutions, NGOs and Humanitarian Entities coordinate the provision of shelters worldwide after environmental disasters. At the beginning, people rescued are housed in public buildings, gymnasiums, schools, religious temples and houses of relatives and friends. After the first day people are relocated and accommodated in temporary tents until they get teams to organize and assist in the reconstruction of the affected areas (UNDRO - United Nations Disaster Relief Organization). Tents are practical, easy to store, easy to carry and easy to assemble. In the other hand, are also, inadequate in winter, small, can not be expanded, deteriorate rapidly, have high cost when added to shipping costs. Many times sub-occupation takes place, because they are far from the family estate. Imported Units are suitable for extreme climates, like severe winters, sometimes are better than the previous housing and are ready to inhabit. However, needs plenty of room to carry, costs are high, needs specialized know-how to assemble, there are not availability of material, do not connect in increments. They can overcome the pattern of the previous life, creating a risk of setting people at shelter, configuring new permanent settlement and new slums. Using local materials and the technique of construction-site brings minimal intervention, but creates external independence, at the same time encourages collaboration and socialization. The problems faced with the use of this technique are the long time of construction, only a small portion benefited, sketchy technology, precarious buildings, high cost on transfering technology. Quite often the cost of qualified personnel to provide technical assistance and transferring knowledge is very high and may exceed the cost of ready-made solutions. Temporary housing provides shelter for only a few months, replaces permanent housing, and gives dignity while waiting reconstruction, can also provide mass production and low cost. They can become permanent, only a small portion benefited, use rudimentary technology, produce substandard buildings, and can not be reused. "On occasions where the reconstruction of housing exceeds six months, the temporary shelter housing becomes more permanent than temporary." (Barbosa, 2011) The distribution of materials uses homelessness manpower, encourages consumption, leverages the local market and is low cost, besides promoting socialization. But can become permanent and emphasizes the demand for materials triggering run out of materials and leaiongs to skyrocketing price. Has also rudimentary technology resulting in precarious building, unhealthy housing. Materials distribution without technical support results in unsanitary dwellings and affects residents’ health. Core Housing is a minimal cell to be increased or be disassembled and be taken to another place, can also become permanent, as it can be located in own land. Alternatively has the necessity to remove debris and immediate cost is greater than tents. The shelter proposed in this work fits into this category. Technical guidelines ONU - The Handbook for Emergencies (UNHCR 2007), Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response (Sphere Project 2004), IASC Emergency Shelter Cluster publication, Shelter Projects (2008) The recommended size shelter ideal is based on 3.5 m2 per person. According to Sphere 2004 - Shelter and Settlement, Standard 3, a covered area of 3.5 m2 per person may be appropriate to save lives and to provide adequate shelter for short term, immediately after a disaster, especially in extreme weather conditions. In such cases, where shelter materials are not readily available, the longer it takes to arrive the well-being and health of those affected can be compromised. Some shelters have already been implemented with various sizes, ranging from 9 m2 to 74 m2, resulting in different needs, continuity, logistics budgets, restrictions, reception standards and official policies. Materials such as wood and bamboo composite panels made of wood or bamboo, are frequently used in projects of shelters, due to the ease of using local construction techniques, availability, lightweight transportation, easy construction, suitability for use in modular structures, and to be reused, resold or recycled later on.