Ancient Egyptian Tombs Ancient Egyptian Tombs: The Culture of Life and Death Steven Snape © 2011 Steven Snape. ISBN: 978-1-405-12089-0 BlackwellAncientReligions Ancientreligiouspracticeandbeliefareatoncefascinatingandalienfor twenty-firstcenturyreaders. TherewasnoBible,nocreed,nofixedsetof beliefs.Rather,ancientreligionwascharacterizedbyextraordinarydiver- sityinbeliefandritual. Thisdistancemeansthatmodernreadersneedaguidetoancientreligious experience.Writtenbyexperts,thebooksinthisseriesprovideaccessible introductionstothiscentralaspectoftheancientworld. Published AncientGreekDivination SarahIlesJohnston MagicintheAncientGreekWorld DerekCollins ReligionintheRomanEmpire JamesB.Rives AncientGreekReligion,SecondEdition JonD.Mikalson AncientEgyptianTombs:TheCultureofLifeandDeath StevenSnape Forthcoming ReligionoftheRomanRepublic LoraHolland Ancient Egyptian Tombs: The Culture of Life and Death Steven Snape © 2011 Steven Snape. ISBN: 978-1-405-12089-0 Ancient Egyptian Tombs The Culture of Life and Death Steven Snape Thiseditionfirstpublished2011 (cid:1)2011StevenSnape BlackwellPublishingwasacquiredbyJohnWiley&SonsinFebruary2007. Blackwell’spublishingprogramhasbeenmergedwithWiley’sglobalScientific, Technical,andMedicalbusinesstoformWiley-Blackwell. RegisteredOffice JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex, PO198SQ,UnitedKingdom EditorialOffices 350MainStreet,Malden,MA02148-5020,USA 9600GarsingtonRoad,Oxford,OX42DQ,UK TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UK Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,forcustomerservices,andforinformation abouthowtoapplyforpermissiontoreusethecopyrightmaterialinthisbookplease seeourwebsiteatwww.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. TherightofStevenSnapetobeidentifiedastheauthorofthisworkhasbeen assertedinaccordancewiththeUKCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. 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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Snape,S.R.(StevenR.) AncientEgyptiantombs:thecultureoflifeanddeath/StevenSnape. p.cm.– (Blackwellancientreligions) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-1-4051-2089-0(hardcover:alk.paper) 1. Tombs–Egypt.2. Funeralrites andceremonies–Egypt.3. Egypt–Socialconditions.4. Egypt–Civilization–To332B.C.5. Egypt–Antiquities. I.Title. DT62.T6S562011 932–dc22 2010034207 AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. Setin9.75/12.5ptUtopiabyThomsonDigital PrintedinMalaysia 01 2011 For Philippa and Jack Contents ListofFigures ix Preface xiii Acknowledgements xv Introduction 1 1 NamelessLivesatTarkhanandSaqqara 7 EarlyTombsandtheKa 2 Pits,PalacesandPyramids 24 RoyalCemeteriesoftheEarlyDynasticPeriod andOldKingdom 3 Non-RoyalCemeteriesofDynasty4 35 4 Unas,TetiandTheirCourts 51 TheLateOldKingdomatSaqqara 5 TheTombsofQarandIdu 68 FamiliesandFuneralsintheLateOldKingdom 6 AGrowingIndependence 86 CourtandRegionalCemeteriesintheLateOldKingdom 7 Ankhtify 105 ATimeofChange 8 Osiris,LordofAbydos 117 viii Contents 9 ‘LordsofLife’ 136 Coffins 10 StrangersandBrothers 148 TheMiddleKingdominMiddleEgypt 11 NorthandSouth 166 MiddleKingdomTombsattheRoyalResidence 12 Ineni,SenenmutandUser-Amun 176 NewTombsforOld 13 RekhmireandtheTomboftheWell-KnownSoldier 190 ForeignersandFuneralsintheAgeofEmpire 14 HuyaandHoremheb 207 AmarnaandAfter 15 SamutandtheRamessidePrivateTomb 223 16 Sennedjem 233 BuildingandBuyingatDeirel-Medina 17 Petosiris 245 ADyingTradition References 260 FurtherReading 276 Index 281 Figures 0.1 MapofEgyptshowingthelocationofsitesmentioned inthetext xvi 1.1 TarkhanTomb1845:theburial 9 1.2 TarkhanTomb1845:theBurialChamberandOffering Chapel 12 1.3 SaqqaraMastabas3471(plan),3036(plan)and3507 (cross-section) 16 1.4 SaqqaraMastaba3505 18 1.5 TheundergroundroomsoftheSaqqara‘house’tombs S.2302(left)andS.2337(right) 22 2.1 PlanofthetombofDenatAbydos 26 2.2 PlanoftheCemeteryAreaatAbydos 27 2.3 TheStep-PyramidofDjoseratSaqqara 29 2.4 Simplifiedplanandcross-sectionofSaqqaraMastaba3038 30 3.1 Plan(above)andcross-section(below)ofa‘standard’ Dynasty4mastabaatGiza 36 3.2 ThemastabaofNiankhkhnumandKhnumhotepatSaqqara 38 3.3 The(unfinished)FalseDooroftheLadyWadjkawesfrom hertombintheUnasCausewayCemeteryatSaqqara 40 3.4 TheOverseerofka-priest(s)Qarmakesanofferingtothe officialKhenuinthelatter’stombintheUnasCauseway CemeteryatSaqqara 43 4.1 ThepyramidofUnasatSaqqara,lookingwestwardsfrom thecauseway 52 4.2 PlanoftheTetiPyramidCemeteryatSaqqara,showingthe pyramidsofTeti,IputIandKhuit,andselectedprivatetombs oftheOldKingdom–RamessidePeriod 57 x Figures 4.3 PlanofthemastabaofNebkauhorintheUnasCauseway CemeteryatSaqqara 58 4.4 PlanofthetombofNeferatSaqqara 60 4.5 StatueofthePrincessNofretfromMeidum 64 4.6 Scribalstatue 65 5.1 FuneralprocessioninthetombofQaratGiza 76 5.2 FuneralsceneinthetombofDebehenatGiza 77 5.3 FuneralprocessioninthetombofPepiankhHeny ‘theBlack’atMeir 79 6.1 TombsatQubbetel-Hawa 92 6.2 ThetombofHarkhufatQubbetel-Hawa 93 6.3 ThetombsofMekhuandSabniatQubbetel-Hawa 94 6.4 ThetombofKhentikaintheDakhlehOasis 96 6.5 Asub-elitetombatAbydos,excavatedbyJohn Garstangin1909 102 7.1 The‘pyramid’ofKomDara 109 7.2 ThetombofAnkhtifyatMoalla 110 7.3 ThetombofAnkhtifyatMoalla(interior) 110 7.4 SubsidiarytombsatMoalla 112 7.5 ThetombofWahkaIatQau 113 8.1 MiddleKingdommahatandstelaatAbydos excavatedbyJohnGarstangin1908 123 8.2 MiddleKingdommahatofIyatAbydosexcavated byJohnGarstangin1907 124 8.3 StelaofIyfrom321A’07excavatedbyJohnGarstang in1907 127 8.4 StelaofSobek-khufromAbydos 130 8.5 AbydosTomb941-949A’09excavatedbyJohnGarstang in1909 135 9.1 TheboxcoffinofUserhetfromBeniHasan 142 9.2 TheheadoftheanthropoidcoffinofKhnum-NakhtfromRifeh 145 9.3 TheboxcoffinofUserhet,containinghisanthropoid coffin,inhistombatBeniHasan 146 10.1 ViewoftheBeniHasancemetery 152 10.2 ElitetombsatBeniHasan 152 10.3 Tombfac¸adeatBeniHasan 153 10.4 ElitetombsatRifeh 159 10.5 CoffinsinashafttombatBeniHasan 161 10.6 Woodenmodelsonacoffininsideashafttomb atBeniHasan 162 10.7 ShafttombsatBeniHasan 163 10.8 ‘Soul-house’fromaMiddleKingdomtombatAbydos 164 Figures xi 11.1 The‘temple-tomb’ofNebhepetreMontuhotepIIat Deirel-Bahri 167 11.2 Dynasty11tombsatDeirel-Bahri 168 11.3 PlanofthetombofSenebtisiatLisht,andits mostsignificantcontents 173 12.1 ViewoftheValleyoftheKings 179 12.2 PlanoftheWestBankcemeteriesatThebes 180 12.3 ViewofthecemeteryofSheikhabdel-QurnaatThebes 186 12.4 PlansofthreeDynasty18tombs:A–Ineni;B–Rekhmire, C–Amenhotep-Huy 186 12.5 RepresentationsofthesuperstructuresofThebantombs inthetombsof(left)NebamunandIpuky–TT181;and(right) Rai–TT159 187 13.1 SelectedscenesofroyalservicefromthetombofRekhmire 193 13.2 SelectedscenesoffuneralfromthetombofRekhmire 195 13.3 ThetombofNebqed,asillustratedinhisBookoftheDead 199 13.4 TheinteriorofthetombofPaheryatel-Kab 201 13.5 The‘autobiography’ofAhmosesonofIbanaatel-Kab 203 13.6 PlanoftheBurialChambersinthefamilytombof NeferkhewetandRenneferatThebes 205 14.1 PlanandselectedscenesfromthetombofHuyaatAmarna 210 14.2 PlanandselectedscenesfromthetombofApuiaatSaqqara 218 14.3 PlanofthetombofHoremhebatSaqqara 219 15.1 Planofthesuperstructureandofthewindingpassageto theBurialChamberinthetombofSamutatThebes 227 16.1 ThesiteofDeirel-Medina,withthehillofQurnetMurai immediatelybehindit 234 16.2 Cross-sectionofthetombofSennedjematDeirel-Medina, Thebes 236 17.1 MourningwomanonawoodenstelaoftheThird IntermediatePeriod 249 17.2 Thetomb-chapelsoftheGod’sWivesofAmenatMedinet Habu 253 17.3 ThetombofMontuemhat(TT34)intheAsasifcemetery atThebes 254 17.4 TheBurialChamberofaThirdIntermediate/LatePeriod tomb 255 17.5 ThetombofPetosirisatTunael-Gebel 256
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