DigitalResources Electronic Survey Report 2015-013 An Initial Appreciation of the Dialect Situation in Saluan and Batui (Eastern Sulawesi, Indonesia) David Mead and Edy Pasanda An Initial Appreciation of the Dialect Situation in Saluan and Batui (Eastern Sulawesi, Indonesia) David Mead and Edy Pasanda Maps prepared by Matt Connor and John Noya SIL International® 2015 SIL Electronic Survey Report 2015-013, November 2015 © 2015 SIL International® All rights reserved Abstract In the eastern peninsula of the island of Sulawesi, Indonesia, the fifteenth edition of the Ethnologue (Gordon 2005) lists two Saluan languages: Coastal Saluan and Kahumamahon Saluan. Based on a survey of the Saluan area conducted in July, 2006, we conclude that this division is unjustified—only one Saluan language need be recognized, though with various dialects as we explore in this paper. Our conclusions are based on a consideration of lexical similarity (lexicostatistics), historical sound change, and informal sociolinguistic interviews. During the course of this survey, we also collected information on the small Batui lect, also known in the literature as Baha, and previously classified as a dialect of Pamona. In actuality Batui is a language closely related to Saluan. With the merger of Coastal and Kahumamahon Saluan as a single language and the recognition of Batui as a separate language, the total number of recognized languages in the Saluan-Banggai microgroup remains at six languages. An appendix presents eleven wordlists from Saluan and one from Batui. Contents Abstract Ringkasan 1 Introduction 1.1 Current administrative boundaries 1.2 Research sites 1.3 Saluan and Batui in the literature 1.3.1 Mondono (also Mandona, Mandano, Mandana, Mandono, Mondonu, Mondone, Modone, Mendono) 1.3.2 Loinang (also La-Inang, Loindang, Lojnang, Loinan, Luinan, Loenan, Toloina) 1.3.3 Saluan 1.3.4 Madi 1.3.5 Baha and Batui 2 The evidence from lexicostatistics 3 The evidence from sound changes 3.1 Final long vowels in Saluan and Batui 3.2 Merger of final *l and *n 4 The evidence from sociolinguistic interviews 4.1 Village-by-village responses 4.2 Summary 5 Conclusions Appendix A: Lexical similarity matrices (Swadesh 100) Appendix B: Wordlists References iii Ringkasan Tulisan ini merupakan laporan atas survei kami pada daerah bahasa Saluan dan Batui. Saluan merupakan salah satu bahasa daerah induk di semenanjung timur Propinsi Sulawesi Tengah. Menurut sebagian dari atlas-atlas bahasa (Sneddon 1983, Wurm 1994), hanya ada satu bahasa Saluan. Referensi bahasa lain, bagaimanapun juga, seperti edisi ke-15 Ethnologue (Gordon 2005) membedakan ada dua bahasa: bahasa Saluan Pesisir dan bahasa lainnya yang disebut Saluan Kahumamahon. Tentu saja memungkinkan untuk mengidentifikasi suku yang disebut dengan suku Kahumamahon, yang telah diperhitungkan sebagai suku terasing yang berada di pedalaman kecamatan Nuhon, namun diragukan apakah bahasa kelompok ini dapat dianggap sebagai bahasa yang terpisah. Untuk tujuan penyelidikan yang lebih mendetil, pada bulan Juli 2006, dengan dukungan kantor Badan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Daerah di Palu dan Luwuk, kami mengadakan penjajakan di daerah Saluan. Dari kecamatan Nuhon hingga kecamatan Boalemo di pantai utara dan dari Kecamatan Luwuk Timur hingga Kecamatan Batui di pantai selatan, kami mengunjungi dua belas lokasi, dengan tujuan untuk mengumpulkan informasi mengenai perbendaharaan kata dan menyebarkan angket kuisioner sosiolingustik. Kami menyimpulkan bahwa tidak perlu membedakan diantara kedua bahasa Saluan. Hanya ada satu bahasa Saluan, yang kami bagi dalam tiga dialek, yaitu: dialek Loinang, dialek Luwuk dan dialek Kintom-Pangimana-Boalemo (Kipabo). Dialek Loinang ternyata mengandung tiga subdialek yaitu Lingketeng, Baloa’ dan Kahumama'on. Dialek Loinang dipakai pada bagian pedalaman dulu, khususnya sepanjang sungai Sensean dan Lobu, namun sepanjang abad yang lalu, orang-orang ini telah meninggalkan desa-desa asal mereka dan telah berdikari di berbagai lokasi sepanjang pantai. Dialek Luwuk dipakai umumnya di kecamatan Luwuk dan Luwuk Timur. Dialek Kimtom-Pagimana-Boalemo (Kipabo) tentu dipakai di kecamatan Kintom, Pagimana dan Boalemo dan juga di bagian-bagian tertentu di kecamatan Bunta dan Nuhon. Hubungan diantara ketiga dialek ini adalah sebagai berikut. Luwuk dapat dianggap sebagai dialek inti. Dialek Luwuk sangat mirip dengan dialek Kintom-Pagimana-Boalemo dalam hal perbendaharaan kata, sebab banyak kata yang sama diantara kedua dialek ini. Bagaimanapun, dialek Luwuk juga mirip dialek Loinang dalam hal konsonan l pada akhir kata menjadi n. Coba perhatikan kata-kata berikut ini. Loinang Luwuk Kintom-Pagimana-Boalemo tuli mabongon mabongon mabongol tumpul mokujun mokujun mokujul sukar mahan mahan mahal celana saluan saluan salual Meskipun perbedaan ini dan perbedaan dalam perbendaharaan kata, dilaporkan kepada kami bahwa orang yang berbicara dalam tiga dialek tersebut dapat saling mengerti satu dengan yang lain. Namun, tidak demikian dengan jenis bahasa yang bernama Batui, yang dipakai di kelurahan Balantang, Tolando, Sisipan dan Batui di Kecamatan Batui. Ketika membandingkan dua ratus kata dalam perbendaharaan kata yang mendasar, Batui berbeda dengan dialek-dialek Saluan lainnya rata-rata seperempat kali. Cobalah perhatikan kata-kata berikut ini: Batui Loinang Luwuk Kintom-Pagimana-Boalemo telur ontolu nggalau' nggalau' nggalau' kelapa potil niuː niuː niuː dinding hinding pimpi' pimpi' pimpi' baik kopian ma'ima' ma'ima' ma'ima' jahat mahamu' ma'idek ma'idek ma'idek iv v Disebabkan oleh perbedaan yang mencolok ini, dan juga karena pendapat yang kuat dari orang- orang Batui sendiri, kami menganggap Batui adalah bahasa yang terpisah, meskipun sangat berhubungan dekat dengan bahasa Saluan.1 Di sini diberikan penjelasan singkat, bagian per bagian sinopsis dari karya ilmiah ini. Bagian 1 adalah gambaran umum pengetahuan terkini mengenai situasi bahasa di Kabupaten Banggai dan alasan mengapa kami meneliti di daerah bahasa Saluan. Bagian 1.1 merupakan gambaran umum mengenai kondisi pembagian geografis dan politik di Kabupaten Banggai. Bagian 1.2 merupakan penjelasan mengenai dua belas tempat dimana kami mengumpulkan data selama penelitian kami. Bagian 1.3 merupakan kilasan nama-nama lain dimana bahasa Saluan pernah disebut selama masa penjajahan Belanda, yaitu bahasa Mendono, bahasa Loinang, bahasa Saluan dan bahasa Madi. Kami juga menjelaskan mengapa seorang ahli bahasa Belanda Adriani salah mengklasifikasi Batui (yang mana dia sebut dengan bahasa Baha) sebagai suatu dialek bahasa Pamona. Bagian 2 menyajikan hasil-hasil dari perbandingan leksikal. Sepasang demi sepasang, setiap pasangan daftar kata dibandingkan dengan tujuan untuk menghitung persentasi tertentu dari kesamaan leksikal (jumlah kata-kata yang dianggap sama, dibagi dengan jumlah jawaban-jawaban dikalikan dengan angka 100). Kami menghitung dengan membandingkan dua ratus kata (kata seperti ‘kepala,’ ‘rambut,’ ‘mata,’ ‘hidung,’ ‘mulut,’ dsb., sampai dengan dua ratus kata) berdasarkan daftar standar yang disebut dengan daftar Swadesh 200. Secara umum, bila dua daftar kata bernilai diatas 80% sama secara leksikal, mereka dapat dianggap termasuk dalam bahasa yang sama. Hasil-hasil ini disajikan dalam bentuk bagan dan grafik. Bagian 3 merupakan diskusi mengenai perubahan bunyi historis, yang menunjukkan bahasa Batui, Babongko, Andio dan Saluan sangat erat hubungan diantaranya dari perspektif hubungan kekerabatan. Bagian 3.1 merupakan diskusi mengenai bunyi vokal panjang akhir dalam bahasa Saluan dan Batui. Contohnya, ketika kami mengukur cara orang Saluan mengucapkan kata siku ‘siku’ dan iku ‘ekor,’ kami dapat melihat bahwa bunyi vokal akhir u dari iku diartikulasikan hampir dua kali lebih panjang (sepanjang ~ 0.30 detik) dibandingkan dengan bunyi vokal akhir u dari siku (~ 0.15 detik).2 Simbol yang digunakan para ahli bahasa untuk vokal yang panjang adalah tanda titik dua yang menggunakan persegi tiga ( ː ), sehingga untuk Saluan ditulis ikuː ‘ekor.’ Secara umum, semua daerah Saluan konsisten dalam hal bunyi vokal akhir mana yang diartikulasikan lebih panjang, namun beberapa kata Saluan dengan bunyi vokal panjang akhir diartikulasikan dengan bunyi vokal pendek di daerah Batui, contohnya Saluan pusoː ‘pusat’ (diartikulasi dengan bunyi vokal panjang pada akhir kata) dibandingkan Batui puso (diartikulasikan dengan bunyi vokal yang biasa). Bagian 3.2 mendiskusikan perubahan bunyi historis dalam hal mana bunyi l akhir menjadi bunyi n akhir dalam dialek Luwuk dan Loinang di bahasa Saluan. Migrasi orang Loinang dari daerah pedalaman ke daerah pesisir pada abad ke-20 juga didiskusikan. 1Sebagaimana dijelaskan dalam risalah oleh Charles dan Barbara Dix Grimes (1987:viii), “Orang awam seringkali berpendapat bahwa bila hanya menjumlah kecil orang memakai suatu bahasa, maka bahasa tersebut tak dapat disebutkan ‘bahasa,’ tetapi ‘dialek’ saja. Namun demikian, para ahli bahasa tidak membedakan antara bahasa dan dialek berdasarkan jumlah pemakai bahasa, tetapi berdasarkan faktor-faktor lain, misalnya, persentasi kesamaan kosa kata, kesamaan sistem bunyi, kesamaan struktur, faktor pengertian, faktor-faktor sosial, dsb.” Dari enam bahasa yang merupakan rumpun bahasa Saluan-Banggai, ada tiga bahasa dengan ribuan penutur—Saluan, Banggai and Balantak—namun ada juga tiga bahasa yang penuturnya hanya dua ribu atau kurang, yaitu Bobongko (di kepulauan Togian), Andio (di Kecamtan Masama) dan Batui. 2Bunyi vokal panjang adalah akibat monoftongisasi diftong di akhir kata, misalnya kata dalam bahasa Austronesia Purba * menjadi * , lalu menjadi di Saluan dan Batui. ikuR ikuy ikuː vi Bagian 4 memuat informasi mengenai wawancara sosiolinguistik, khusunya pendapat dari orang Saluan sendiri bagaimana mereka melihat hubungan diantara dialek-dialek yang ada. Bagian 5 menjelaskan mengenai kesimpulan kami, yaitu bahwa hanya ada satu bahasa Saluan dengan tiga dialek. Lagi pula, Batui bukanlah dialek dari Pamona namun merupakan bahasa daerah tersendiri, meskipun sangat dekat hubungannya dengan bahasa Saluan. Appendix A memberikan angka persentasi kemiripan leksikal berdasarkan perbandingan hanya seratus kata. Appendix B menyajikan dua belas daftar kata Saluan dan Batui yang kami kumpulkan selama penelitian kami. Tanggapan-tanggapan diwakili oleh penggunaan Abjad Fonetik Internasional (IPA), suatu sistim penulisan yang digunakan oleh para ahli bahasa. 1 Introduction As recently as the fifteenth edition of the Ethnologue (Gordon 2005), two Saluan languages have been located on the eastern arm of Sulawesi, Indonesia: Coastal Saluan and Kahumamahon Saluan. We know of two potential justifications for this division, neither one of which, however, is necessarily linguistic in nature. First, the Kahumamahon Saluan people have been singled out by the Indonesian government as a suku terasing (suku ‘tribe, division,’ terasing ‘separated, isolated, secluded’), that is to say, they live in remote areas, follow traditional customs, and lack integration into the national culture (Team Survey 1974; Sukiyah, Silvana, and Hitipeuw 1995). Second, two separate efforts have been undertaken to translate the Bible into Saluan: one by New Tribes Missions personnel working in the interior village of Simpang (representing the ‘Kahumamahon’ variety), and the other by the Indonesian Bible Society, working in locations on the coast (thus representing the ‘Coastal’ variety). Given that other linguistic atlases such as Salzner (1960), Sneddon (1983), and Wurm (1994) recognize only one Saluan language, and that furthermore even in the Ethnologue, a geographical boundary between the two putative languages had never been drawn, we set out to do what no linguist had done before: canvass the entire Saluan area in order to determine language and dialect boundaries. Building in part on the survey work of Busenitz (1991), which covered a portion of the Saluan area, in July of 2006 we undertook a survey of the entire Saluan area. Our goals were to clarify the dialect situation in the Saluan area and to determine if there was indeed a linguistic basis for recognizing two distinct Saluan languages. To this end, we gathered wordlists and sociolinguistic information from twelve primary research sites covering the breadth of the Saluan language area,3 including the supposed Kahumamahon (emended, and hereafter in this paper: Kahumama'on) language area. In this paper, we look at three factors to determine language relatedness: lexical similarity (lexicostatistics), historical sound change, and the results of sociolinguistic interviews. Whilst in terms of word stock Kahumama'on is somewhat lexically divergent, the consensus is that it should be considered a dialect of Saluan. During the course of our survey of the Saluan language area, we also gathered information on the Batui speech variety, sometimes also known under the name of Baha. Based on extremely thin evidence, the pioneering Dutch linguist Nicolaus Adriani classified Batui as a dialect of Pamona (Adriani and Kruyt 1914:14). Having at last collected solid information on Batui, we demonstrate that it is not a Pamona dialect, but instead is closely related to Saluan. Nonetheless, we consider it distinct enough to be considered a separate language. The basis for drawing language and dialect boundaries is presented in the following sections. In §2 we present the results of a lexicostatistical comparison. In §3 we begin with an overview of sound change in the Saluan-Banggai languages. This provides background to a discussion of two further sound changes which crosscut the Saluan and Batui language area: the development and loss of contrastive vowel length (§3.1), and the merger of *l and *n as /n/ in word final position (§3.2). In §4 we briefly discuss the results of sociolinguistic interviews. Our conclusions, including a new map of the Saluan- Banggai group of languages, are given in §5. An appendix presents eleven Saluan wordlists and one Batui wordlist. Before proceeding to the heart of this paper, we give additional background information. In §1.1 we give current political boundaries in the surveyed area; in §1.2 we briefly discuss the locations where we collected data; and in §1.3 we discuss references to Saluan in the extant literature and the various names by which this language had previously been identified. 3We gratefully acknowledge the Badan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Daerah offices in Palu and in Luwuk, and their officers and staff, particularly Drs. Nurhan Maadji, for their sponsorship and assistance in this survey. 1 2 1.1 Current administrative boundaries The Saluan homeland lies within the boundaries of the current regency (Indonesian: kabupaten) of Banggai.4 This regency, with its capital of Luwuk, comprises thirteen districts (Indonesian: kecamatan), shown in map 1. The three southeastern districts of Balantak, Lamala, and Masama are the traditional homeland of the Balantak language area (the small Andio enclave is also located in Masama). The two most southwestern districts, Toili and Toili Barat, were traditionally a kind of no man’s land or disputed area between the Saluan peoples and their Bungku neighbors, who claimed control of the coastline further to the west (Goedhart 1908:489–490). The area was rich in dammar pines, and trade in dammar resin was likely a factor which spurred settlement of this area beginning more than a century ago. Today Toili and Toili Barat are largely populated by transmigrants from places such as Java and Bali, as well as by Bugis, Pamona, and other peoples who have migrated locally from other parts of Sulawesi. Map 1. The Banggai Regency ©2015 SIL International. Includes geodata from worldgeodatasets.com. Used with permission. The remaining eight districts are the traditional homeland of the Saluan people. Below we discuss certain Saluan peoples who formerly lived in the interior. At present, however, the vast majority of Saluan people live on or within only a few kilometers of the coast. In fact today the entire regency is circumscribed by an all-weather coastal road, which is also linked across the ‘neck’ through the village of Salodik. Beyond Nuhon district in the northwest, this road links the Banggai Regency with Poso, and from there to Palu, the capital of Central Sulawesi. Only in the extreme southwest (Toili and Toili Barat districts) does the road turn rutted and a bit tortuous. In this direction one can travel by car only as far as Kolo Atas (in the Morowali Regency); points further west are normally reached by boat. 4This regency is so named because it used to also include the Banggai archipelago. In 1999 the Banggai islands became their own regency, named the Banggai Archipelago Regency (Kabupaten Banggai Kepulauan). 3 1.2 Research sites In preparing for this survey, we already had in hand four wordlists collected in 1988 by the SIL linguist Robert Busenitz in Kintom, Lumpoknyo, Sampaka, and Bahingin villages, and a fifth wordlist kindly provided to us by Robert Brown, representing the interior village of Simpang. Whilst we chose to revisit these five locations to collect sociolinguistic information and sometimes to also record a small amount of additional Saluan data, the wordlists were of sufficient quality that we were free to concentrate our efforts on ‘rounding out’ a picture of the Saluan dialect area. In total, we collected six other wordlists, while a companion team, sent to the Banggai archipelago, managed to also collect a short wordlist representing a Saluan community located in Leme-leme Bungin village. In all, we can count twelve (5 + 6 + 1) primary research sites, for which we have wordlist and sociolinguistic data. These twelve sites are shown in map 2. Map 2. Saluan and Batui survey primary research sites ©2015 SIL International. Includes geodata from worldgeodatasets.com. Used with permission. A few notes about these sites are in order. First, the ‘Kondongan’ wordlist was collected outside of the area. Our respondents for this wordlist were two men from Kondongan village who had come to shop in the town of Pagimana, and who were returning by boat to Kondongan the next morning. Because we worked late at night with tired respondents, some items were not filled in, while other responses on this list are representative of the local variety of trade Malay rather than bona fide Saluan. Second, for ‘Simpang’ we collected information only on the coast. We did not visit the asli (‘true, original’) village of Simpang, which lay another eight hours by foot toward the interior. Our respondents, however, were people who had grown up in Simpang Asli. Third, we were not entirely successful in collecting wordlist data which truly represents the extreme northwest and southwest extent of the Saluan dialect area. The residents of Pakowa Bunta acknowledge that they represent a fairly recent migration from Pakowa village in the Pagimana subdistrict (and even carried the name of ‘Pakowa’ to their new home). Of our two wordlists taken in the extreme southwest, the Tolando wordlist represents the Batui lect (which we do not consider to be Saluan), while the