AMSTERDAMER BEITRÄGE ZUR ÄLTEREN GERMANISTIK Begründet von Cola Minis† In Verbindung mit A.D. Kylstra und A.H. Touber herausgegeben von Erika Langbroek, Arend Quak, Annelies Roeleveld und Paula Vermeyden† Band 63 — 2007 Amsterdam - New York, NY 2007 Anschrift der Redaktion für Beiträge und Besprechungs exemplare: Editor’s address for submission of articles and books for reviews: Prof. Dr. Arend Quak Instituut voor Oudgermanistiek Scandinavisch Seminarium Spuistraat 134 1012 VB Amsterdam Hinweise zur Manuscriptgestaltung können bei der Redaktion angeforderd werden. Please also apply to the editor for guidelines for articles and reviews. The paper on which this book is printed meets the requirements of “ISO 9706: 1994, Information and documentation - Paper for documents - Requirements for permanence”. ISSN: 0165-7305 ISBN: 978-90-420-2256-0 ©Editions Rodopi B.V., Amsterdam - New York, NY 2007 Printed in The Netherlands INHALT Frederik Kortlandt, The Origin of the Franconian Tone Accents 1 Frederik Kortlandt, English bottom, German Boden, and the Chronology of Sound Shifts 5 Diether Schürr, Wodan oder Warg: zum Brakteaten Nebenstedt I 9 Elena Afros, Is cyssađ in Exeter Book Riddle 30a: 6b an Instance of Morphological Levelling? 21 Ellen Baßler und Ernst Hellgardt, Die Freckenhorster Heberolle - eine Fälschung? 29 Arwen van Zanten, Going Berserk: in Old Norse, Old Irish and Anglo-Saxon Literature 43 Jan Meijer, Punctuation Marks on Viking Age Rune Stones 65 Gary C. Shockey, “Dîne gehôrte hôrte ich”: Zur Frage der werk- immanenten Hermeneutik in der “Erlösung” und Parallellismen 99 Petra Hörner, Der Wilde Mann: „Seliger sind, die nicht sehen und doch glauben“ 111 William Sayers, Sailing Scenes in Works of the Pearl Poet (Cleanness and Patience) 129 Florian Kragl, Wer hat den Hirsch zum Köder gemacht? Der ,Münchner Oswald’, spiritualiter gelesen 157 Erika Langbroek & Annelies Roeleveld, Die ‘Umgebung’ der niederdeutschen Apokalypse in Basel, F.VII.12: Ergebnisse einer stemmatologischen Untersuchung und einer Reimunter- suchung 179 Johan Winkelman, Mittelniederländische Tragezeichen und die nordwesteuropäische Kulturlandschaft. Zum kulturellen Trans- 199 fer im Spätmittelalter Michael Bärmann, Nochmals: ein Eintrag zu Johannes Pauli im Anniversarbuch des Freiburger Franziskanerklosters 221 Albrecht Classen, Poetische Proteste gegen den Krieg: der Meis- tersänger Hans Sachs als früher Kriegsgegner im 16. Jahrhundert 235 BESPRECHUNGEN Proceedings of the 21st International Congress of Onomastic Sciences. Upp- sala 19-24 August 2002. Volume 1. Editors Eva Brylla and Mats Wahlberg, in collaboration with Vibeke Dalberg and W.F.H. Nicolaisen. Språk- och folkminnesinstitutet. Uppsala 2005 (Gerald van Berkel) 257 Bettina Bildhauer, Medieval Blood (Religion and Culture in the Middle Ages), Cardiff 2006 (Albrecht Classen) 259 Hubertus Fischer, Ritter, Schiff und Dame Mauritius von Craûn: Text und Kontext, Heidelberg 2006 (Cobie Kuné) 262 James C. King und Petrus W. Tax (Hgg.), Notker der Deutsche. Notker latinus zu den kleineren Schriften. Altdeutsche Textbibliothek Nr. 117, Die Werke Notkers des Deutschen, Neue Ausgabe, Bd. 7A, Tübingen 2003 (Erika Langbroek) 268 Wirnt von Grafenberg, Wigalois. Text der Ausgabe von J. M. N. Kapteyn, übersetzt, erläutert und mit einem Nachwort versehen von Sabine Seelbach und Ulrich Seelbach, Berlin/New York 2005 (Erika Langbroek) 271 Hermann Reichert (Hg.), Das Nibelungenlied. Nach der St. Galler Handschrift hg. u. erl. (de Gruyter Texte), Berlin-New York 2005 (Erika Langbroek) 273 Ruth Weichselbaumer, Mittelalter virtuell. Mediävistik im Internet, Stuttgart 2005 (Elisabeth Meyer) 279 Heinrich von dem Türlin, Die Krone (Verse 12282-30042). Nach der Hand- schrift Cod. Pal. germ. 374 der Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg nach Vor- arbeiten von Fritz Peter Knapp und Klaus Zatloukal, Hg. v. Alfred Ebenbauer u. Florian Kragl (ATB 118), Tübingen 2005 (Lambertus Okken) 281 Rabenschlacht. Tertgeschichtliche Ausgabe. Hg. v. Elisabeth Lienert und Dorit Wolter (Texte und Studien zur mittelhochdeutschen Heldenepik. Hg. v. Elisabeth Lienert. Band 2), Tübingen 2005 (Lambertus Okken) 284 Erec von Hartmann von Aue. Mit einem Abdruck der neuen Wolfenbütteler und Zwettler Erec-Fragmente. H. v. Albert Leitzmann, fortgeführt v. Ludwig Wolff. 7. Auflage besorgt von Kurt Gärtner (ATB 39), Tübingen 2006 (Lambertus Okken) 287 Boutkan, D./Siebinga, S., Old Frisian Etymological Dictionary (Leiden Indo- European Dictionary Series, Vol. I), Leiden/Boston 2005 (Anne Tjerk Popkema) 291 Katalog der althochdeutschen und altsächsischen Glossenhandschriften. Hg. v. Rolf Bergmann, Stefanie Stricker. Unter Mitarbeit von Yvonne Goldammer, Claudia Wich-Reif, Berlin-New York 2005 (Arend Quak) 297 Otfrid von Weißenburg, Evangelienbuch. Edition nach dem Wiener Kodex 268. Herausgegeben und bearbeitet von Wolfgang Kleiber unter Mitarbeit von Rita Heuser. Teil 1: Text. Teil 2: Einleitung und Apparat. Mit Beiträgen von Wolfgang Haubrichs, Norbert Kössinger, Otto Mazal, Norbert H. Ott und Michael Klaper (Evangelienbuch Herausgegeben von Wolfgang Kleiber und Ernst Hellgardt. Band I), Tübingen 2004 (Arend Quak) 300 Max Boeters, Die Geschichte der deutschen halb-Zahlwörter. Untersuchungen zur Neubesetzung eines lexikalischen Feldes und zur Univerbierung syntakti- scher Gruppen (Germanistische Bibliothek Bd. 27), Heidelberg 2006 (Arend Quak) 302 Joachim Heinzle. Die Nibelungen. Lied und Sage, Darmstadt 2005 (Arend Quak) 304 Hugo von Montfort. Das poetische Werke. Hg. v. Werrnfried Hofmeister. Mit einem Melodie-Anhang von Agnes Grund, Berlin-New York 2005 (Arend Quak) 307 Wörterbuch der mittelhochdeutschen Urkundensprache (WMU), auf der Grundlage des Corpus der altdeutschen Originalurekunden bis zum Jahr 1300. Unter Leitung von Bettina Kirschstein und Ursula Schulze erarbeitet v. Sibylle Ohly, Peter Schmitt u. Nicole Spengler. 21. Lieferung: unrehte- vaschanc, Berlin 2005 (Arend Quak) 308 Mittelhochdeutsches Lesebuch. Herausgegeben von Sabine Rolle (de Gruyter Texte), Berlin-New York 2005 (Arend Quak) 308 Mittelniederdeutsches Handwörterbuch. Begründet von A. Lasch und C. Borchling. Mit Unterstützung der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft und der BAT-Stiftung der Universität Hamburg herausgegeben von Dieter Möhn. Band III. 34. Lieferung: swâr bis swûr. Bearbeitet von Christa Hepfer (swâr -swî) und Kerstin Giese (swibboge-swûr), Neumünster 2005 (Arend Quak) 309 B. Los, The Rise of the To-Infinitive, Oxford 2005 (Hendrik de Smet) 310 Christoph Fasbender (Hg.), Nibelungenlied und Nibelungenklage. Neue Wege der Foschung, Darmstadt 2005 (Norbert Voorwinden) 319 Neil Thomas, Wirnt von Gravenberg’s Wigalois. Intertextuality and Interpreta- tion (Arthurian Studies; 62), Cambridge 2005 (Fritz Wagner) 321 A Companion to the Works of Hartmann von Aue, edited by Francis G. Gentry (Studies in German Literature, Linguistics, and Culture), New York 2005 (Fritz Wagner) 322 Mai und Beaflor. Herausgegeben, übersetzt, kommentiert und mit einer Ein- leitung von Albrecht Classen (Beihefte zur Mediaevistik, Bd. 6) Frankfurt am Main, Berlin, Bern, Bruxelles, New York, Oxford, Wien 2006 (Fritz Wagner) 323 Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 63 (2007), 1-3 THE ORIGIN OF THE FRANCONIAN TONE ACCENTS by Frederik Kortlandt — Leiden Elsewhere I have argued for the Proto-Germanic existence of a series of preglottalized voiceless stops which were preserved in English and yielded preaspiration in West Norse, gemination in East Norse, vest- jysk stød in Danish, and affrication in High German (1988, 1996, 2003). In the remaining German territory, the glottalization may have affected the preceding vocalic segment in different ways. “In various Low German dialects, a length distinction on old and new long vowels arose in disyllables, depending on the phonation of the intervocalic consonant. [...] An example of this is the minimal pair ik riet /rit/ ‘I tear’ versus ik ried /ri:t/ ‘I ride’. [...] It is furthermore as- sumed that this length distinction is sometimes realized as an intona- tional opposition” (de Vaan 1999: 38). This development resembles the West Norse preaspiration and the East Norse gemination in the fact that the preceding vowel is cut short by the original preglottalized stop but differs from these because the vowel is not continued as a whisper and the following consonant is not geminated. Thus, the distinction between “long” and “overlong” vowels may have arisen from the loss of glottalization which shortened the preceding long vowel without either leaving a devoiced segment (as in West Norse) or lengthening the following consonant (as in East Norse). There is no reason to assume that voicedness played an independent role here. Björn Köhnlein's M.A. thesis (2005) has led me to a reconsideration of the possibility that the rise of the Franconian tone accents can also be attributed to the loss of glottalization. The relevant data are the fol- lowing. In Central Franconian, there is a distinctive opposition between a falling tone 1 and a stretched tone 2 that seems to be reversed in a strip of land along the southeastern border, which is formed by the “thick bundle of isoglosses separating Central Franconian from Rhine Fran- conian, the most characteristic one being the isogloss between the pro- noun dat ‘that’ to the northwest and das to the southeast” (de Vaan 2 1999: 41). Phonetically, the Franconian tones strongly resemble the Latvian falling (`) and stretched (~) tones and the Lithuanian acute (1) and circumflex (2) tones, respectively. Since it has been argued that the Lithuanian acute (1) and the Latvian stretched (~) tone arose from a loss of glottalization (e.g., Kortlandt 1977) while the distinction be- tween the Franconian tones is to a large extent determined by the earlier presence or absence of a following preglottalized stop, it may be useful to consider the possibility of a similar origin. The distribution of the tone accents in the larger northwestern (A) and the smaller southeastern (B) parts of the Central Franconian area is as follows (cf. de Vaan 1999: 26-27 and Köhnlein 2005: 14-16): I. Non-high long vowels and diphthongs are falling in A and stretched in B. II. High long vowels and diphthongs, lengthened short vowels, and short vowels with tautosyllabic resonants are stretched in A and fall- ing in B when they are followed by an original final consonant or non-final preglottalized stop. III. Elsewhere these vowels and sequences are falling in A and stretched in B, except lengthened short vowels, which are falling in both A and B. Thus, it appears that glottalization was lost after non-high long vo- wels and diphthongs at an early stage, after which it yielded a stretch- ed tone in A, as in Latvian, and a falling tone in B, as in Lithuanian. The falling tone in A and the stretched tone in B were evidently the unconditioned, unmarked (“spontaneous”) reflexes before the length- ening of short vowels in open syllables and the apocope blurred the picture and rendered the distribution of the tones opaque. We must now ask: how did the bifurcation of glottalization into a stretched tone in the northwest and a falling tone in the southeast come about? It is important to understand the phonetic influence of glottalization on word melody. When the glottal closure is formed, the vocal cords are tightened so that the pitch of the sound goes up. The flow of air is then interrupted and subsequently continued at a lower pitch when the glottal closure is released. When a following voiceless consonant is short, the rise of the pitch may be more prominent than its fall, but when it is long, the fall of the pitch may be more pro- minent than its rise. As a result, we expect a falling tone near the Rhine Franconian area, where the glottal stop was oralized and 3 lengthened the following fricative, but a stretched tone in the north- west, where the rise of the pitch before the short interruption of the air flow prevented the pitch from falling below the level it would reach without the glottal closure. This is indeed what we find. Thus, the bifurcation of the glottalization into a stretched tone in A and a falling tone in B is explained by the relative prominence of the rise of pitch before and the fall of pitch after the glottal closure. The word melody was then transferred to the initial syllable, yielding a tonemic opposition on long nuclei. The transfer was clearly anterior to the apocope because original monosyllables adopted the new, marked tone, as if followed by a word-initial glottal stop. It also preceded the lengthening of short vowels in open syllables in B because these never developed a stretched tone. The rise of the stretched tone in A and the falling tone in B may to some extent be compared with the rise of preaspiration in West Norse, where glottalization cut short the preceding vowel, and gemination in East Norse, where it lengthened the following consonant. The big dif- ference is that the rise of a devoiced segment in West Norse and of an oral occlusion in East Norse eliminated the pitch effects and thereby prevented the rise of a distinct tone pattern. There was no such long voiceless segment in the Low German dialects which developed a dis- tinction between “long” and “overlong vowels”, which “is sometimes realized as an intonational opposition” (de Vaan 1999: 38). References Köhnlein, Björn. 2005. Tonakzente im rechtsrheinischen Regelumkehrgebiet: Eine phonetisch-phonologische Analyse 84 Jahre nach Adolf Bachs Entdeckung (Marburg: M.A. thesis). Kortlandt, Frederik. 1977. Historical laws of Baltic accentuation, in: Baltistica 13/2, 319-330. — 1988. Proto-Germanic obstruents, in: ABäG 27, 3-10. — 1996. The High German consonant shift, in: ABäG 46, 53-57; Korrektur, in: ABäG 47, 231. — 2003. Glottalization, preaspiration and gemination in English and Scandinavian, in: ABäG 58, 5-10. de Vaan, Michiel. 1999. Towards an explanation of the Franconian tone accents, in: ABäG 51, 23-44.