June 08 Curriculum Vitae Amartya Sen Thomas W. Lamont University Professor and Professor of Economics and Philosophy, Harvard University Senior Fellow, Harvard Society of Fellows Formerly Master, Trinity College, Cambridge, England, 1998-2003 Birth: November 3, 1933, Santiniketan, India Citizenship: Indian Address: Department of Economics, 1805 Cambridge Street, Littauer 205 Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA Education: Presidency College, Calcutta (B.A. 1953) Trinity College, Cambridge (B.A. 1955, Ph.D. 1959) Cambridge University prizes and awards: Adam Smith Prize, 1954; Wrenbury Scholarship, 1955 and Stevenson Prize, 1956 Trinity College prizes and awards: Senior Scholarship, 1954; Research Scholarship, 1955 and Prize Fellowship, 1957 Professional Elections and Awards President, The Econometric Society, 1984 President, The International Economic Association, 1986-89 President, The Indian Economic Association, 1989 President, The American Economic Association, 1994 Fellow of the British Academy Fellow of the Econometric Society Member of the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei Foreign Honorary Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences Member of the American Philosophical Association Honorary Fellow, Institute of Social Studies, The Hague, Netherlands Honorary Professor, Delhi University, India Honorary Fellow, London School of Economics, UK Honorary Fellow, School of Oriental & African Studies, London, UK Honorary Fellow, Institute of Development Studies, Sussex University, UK Honorary Fellow, Trinity College, Cambridge, UK Honorary Fellow, Darwin College, Cambridge, UK Honorary Fellow, Nuffield College, Oxford, UK Member of the Universal Academy of Cultures Honorary Fellow of The Royal Society of Edinburgh Honorary Fellow, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, University of London, UK Frances Perkins Fellow of The American Academy of Political & Social Science Honorary Fellow, St Edmund’’s College, Cambridge, UK Honorary Fellow, The Academy of Medical Science, UK Distinguished Fellow, All Souls College, Oxford, UK 1 Honorary D. Litt., University of Saskatchewan, Canada, 1979 Honorary D. Litt., Visva-Bharati University, India, 1983 Honorary D. U., Essex University, UK, 1984 Honorary D. Sc., University of Bath, UK, 1984 Docteur Honoris Causa, University of Caen, France, 1987 Dottore ad Honorem, University of Bologna, Italy, 1988 Doctor of Letters Honoris Causa, Georgetown University, USA, 1989 Docteur Honoris Causa, Catholic University of Louvain, Belgium, 1989 Doctor of Laws Honoris Causa, Tulane University, USA, 1990 Honorary D. Litt., Jadavpur University, India, 1990 Honorary D. Litt., Kalyani University, India, 1990 Honorary D. Litt., London Guildhall University, UK, 1991 Honorary Doctorate, Athens University of Economics and Business, 1991 Honorary D. Litt., Williams College, USA, 1991 Honorary D. Litt., New School for Social Research, USA, 1992 Honorary D. Litt., Calcutta University, India, 1993 Honorary D. Litt., Oberlin College, USA, 1993 Honorary Doctor of Law, Queen's University, Canada, 1993 Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Valencia, Spain, 1994 Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Zurich, Switzerland, 1994 Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters, Syracuse University, USA, 1994 Doctor Honoris Causa, Antwerp University, Belgium, 1995 Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters, Wesleyan University, USA, 1995 Honorary Doctor of Science, Edinburgh University, UK, l995 Doctor of Letters Honoris Causa, Oxford University, UK, 1996 Doctor of Philosophy Honoris Causa, University of Stockholm, 1996 Doctor Honoris Causa, Bard College, USA, l997 Doctor Honoris Causa, Kiel University, Germany, l997 Laurea Honoris Causa, Padova University, Italy, 1998 Honorary D. Litt., Rabindra Bharati University, India, 1998 Honorary D. Litt., Leicester University, UK, 1998 Honorary D. Litt., Columbia University, USA, 1998 Honorary D. Litt., McGill University, Canada, 1998 Doctor of Philosophy Honoris Causa, Jawaharlal Nehru University, India, 1998 Honorary D. Litt., Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, India, 1998 Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Delhi, India, 1999 Doctor Honoris Causa, Kingston University, UK, 1999 Doctor of Letters, Honoris Causa, University of East Anglia, UK, 1999 Doctor of Letters, Honoris Causa, University of Nottingham, UK, 1999 Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Athens, Greece, 1999 Doctor Honoris Causa, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France, 1999 Doctor of Letters, Honoris Causa, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland, 1999 Doctor of Social Science, Honoris Causa, Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999 Doctor of Science, Honoris Causa, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh, 1999 Honorary D. Litt., University of Allahabad, India, 2000 Doctor of Science, Honoris Causa, Assam Agricultural University, India, 2000 D. Litt., Honoris Causa, Assam University, India, 2000 Doctor of Letters, Honoris Causa, University of Strathclyde, Scotland 2000 Honorary Doctor of Laws, Harvard University, USA, 2000 Doctor of Science, Honoris Causa, University of Birmingham, UK, 2000 2 Laurea Honoris Causa, University of Florence, Italy, 2000 Doctor of Science (Economics) Honoris Causa, University of London, UK, 2000 Honorary D. Litt., University of Kerala, India, 2000 Doctor Honoris Causa, Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal, 2001 Doctor Honoris Causa, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain, 2001 Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Tokyo, Japan, 2002 Honorary D. Litt., University of Mumbai, India, 2002 Doctor Honoris Causa, Clark University, Worcester, USA, 2002 Doctor Honoris Causa, The Open University, UK, 2002 Honorary Doctor of Civil Law, University of Durham, UK, 2002 Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Southampton, UK, 2002 Doctor Honoris Causa, Université Pierre Mendès France, Grenoble, France, 2002 Doctor Honoris Causa, Santa Clara University, California, USA, 2002 Honorary D. Litt., University of North Bengal, India, 2002 Doctor Honoris Causa, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, India, 2003 Honorary Doctor of Laws, Mount Holyoke College, USA, 2003 Doctor of Social Science Honoris Causa, Yale University, USA, 2003 Doctor Honoris Causa, Ritsumeikan University, Japan, 2003 Doctor of Science, Honoris Causa, University of Sussex, UK, 2003 Doctor Honoris Causa, University of York, UK, 2004 Doctor of Laws, Honoris Causa, University of Toronto, Canada 2004 Doctor of Economics, Honoris Causa, University of Natal, South Africa, 2004 Doctor Honoris Causa, Rhodes University, South Africa, 2004 Doctor Honoris Causa, Koc University, Turkey, 2004 Doctor Honoris Causa, York University, Toronto, Canada, 2004 Doctor Honoris Causa, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Tarragona, Spain, 2004 Doctor Honoris Causa, Simmons College, Boston, MA, USA, 2005 Laurea Honoris Causa, University of Pavia, Italy, 2005 Doctor Honoris Causa, Gottingen University, Germany, 2005 Honorary Doctor of Science, University of Michigan, USA, 2006 Doctor of Laws, Honoris Causa, University of Connecticut,, USA, 2006 Doctor of Humane Letters, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, USA, 2006 Doctor of Economic Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa, 2006 Doctor Honoris Causa, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa, April 2007 Docteur Honoris Causa, Sorbonne, France, 2007 Doctor Honoris Causa, University College Dublin, Ireland, 2007 Doctor Honoris Causa, Universitat Osnabruck, Germany, 2007 Doctor of Law, Honoris Causa, University of Exeter, UK, 2008 Doctor Honoris Causa, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain, 2008 President, The Development Studies Association, 1980-82 Honorary President, The International Economic Association, since 1989 Honorary President, Oxfam, 2000-02; Honorary Advisor, 2002- Chairman, Commonwealth Commission, On Respect and Understanding, 2007-08 Mahalanobis Prize, 1976 Frank E. Seidman Distinguished Award in Political Economy, 1986 Senator Giovanni Agnelli International Prize in Ethics, 1990 Alan Shawn Feinstein World Hunger Award, 1990 Jean Mayer Global Citizenship Award, 1993 Indira Gandhi Gold Medal Award of the Asiatic Society, 1994 Edinburgh Medal, 1997 3 Catalonia International Prize, 1997 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics, 1998 Bharat Ratna, 1999 Leontief Prize, 2000 Brazilian Ordem do Merito Cientifico, Grã-Cruz, 2000 Eisenhower Medal, 2000 Presidency of the Italian Republic Medal, 2000 Honorary Companion of Honour, UK, 2000 Bruno-Kreisky Award for the Political Book of the Year, 2001 Electricité de France European Economics Book Prize, 2002 Ayrton Senna Grand Prix of Journalism, 2002 Barnard College, Medal of Distinction, 2005 Silver Banner, Florence, Italy, 2005 George C. Marshall Award, 2005 Sidhartha Maitra Memorial Lecture Award, 2006 NASSCOM Global Indian Award, 2007 United Nations Life Time Achievement Award, UNESCAP, 2007 Global Economy Prize, University of Kiel, 2007 Meister Eckhart Prize, Identity Foundation, Germany 2007 Past Employment: Thomas W. Lamont University Professor and Professor of Economics and Philosophy, Harvard University, 1987-98 (Senior Fellow, Harvard Society of Fellows, 1989-98) Drummond Professor of Political Economy, Oxford University, and Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, 1980-88 Professor of Economics, Oxford University, and Fellow of Nuffield College, 1977-80 Professor of Economics, London School of Economics, University of London, 197l-77 Professor of Economics, Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi, 1963-7l Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, 1957-63 Professor of Economics, Jadavpur University, Calcutta, 1956-58 Visiting Appointments: Andrew D. White Professor at Large, Cornell University, 1978-84 Visiting Professor, Harvard University, 1968-69 Visiting Professor, University of California at Berkeley, 1964-65 Visiting Associate Professor, Stanford University, Summer Term, 196l Visiting Assistant Professor, M.I.T., 1960-6l Publications: BOOKS: Choice of Techniques, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1960, 1962, 1968; Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1962, 1968. Spanish translation, Mexico City, 1969. Collective Choice and Social Welfare, San Francisco: Holden Day, 1970; Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, 197l; Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1979. Swedish translation: Bokforlaget Thales, 1988. Growth Economics, editor, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1960. 4 Guidelines for Project Evaluation, UNIDO, United Nations, New York, 1972. Jointly with P. Dasgupta and S. A. Marglin. On Economic Inequality, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973; New York: Norton, 1975. German translation: Campus, 1975; Japanese translation: 1977; Spanish translation: Editorial Critica, 1979; Yugoslav translation: Cekade, 1984. Expanded edition with an annex "On Economic Inequality after a Quarter Century" [jointly with James Foster], Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. Employment, Technology, and Development, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975; New York: Oxford University Press, 1975; New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1976. Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 198l; New York: Oxford University Press, 198l; New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1982. Utilitarianism and Beyond, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982; Italian translation: Il Saggiatore, 1984. Jointly edited with Bernard Williams. Choice, Welfare and Measurement, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1982; Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997; New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1983; Italian translation: Il Mulino, 1986; Japanese translation: Iwanami, 1988. Resources, Values and Development, Oxford: Basil Blackwell; 1984; Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1984; New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1985; Italian translation: Bollati Boringhieri, 1992. Commodities and Capabilities, Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1985; New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1987; Italian translation: Giuffre Editore, 1988; Japanese translation: Iwanami, 1988. The Standard of Living, Tanner Lectures with rejoinders by Bernard Williams and others, edited by G. Hawthorne, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987; Italian translation: Marsilio, 1993. On Ethics and Economics, Oxford and New York: Basil Blackwell, 1987; New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1990; Italian translation: Editori Laterza, 1988; Spanish translation, Alianza Editorial, 1987; French translation (with other selected essays), Presses Universitaires de France, 1993. Hunger and Public Action, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989. Jointly with Jean Drèze. The Political Economy of Hunger, in 3 volumes, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990 and 1991. Jointly edited with Jean Drèze. Inequality Reexamined, Oxford: Clarendon Press, New York: Russell Sage Foundation, and Cambridge. MA: Harvard University Press, 1992; Italian translation: Il Mulino, 1994; French translation: Seuil, 2000. The Quality of Life, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993; Italian translation, Feltrinelli, 1997. Jointly edited with Martha Nussbaum. 5 India: Economic Development and Social Opportunity, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995. Jointly with Jean Drèze. Indian Development: Selected Regional Perspectives, Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1997. Jointly edited with Jean Drèze. La libertà individuale come impegno sociale, Rome & Bari: Editori Laterza, 1997. Laicismo Indiano, edited by Armando Massarenti, Milan: Feltrinelli, 1998. Development as Freedom, New York: Alfred Knopf, 1999; Worldwide publishers: Cappelen Forlag (Norway); Carl Hanser Verlag (Germany); China People’’s University Press (China); Companhia Das Letras (Brazil); Dost Publishers (Turkey); Editions Odile Jacob (France); Editorial Planeta (Spain); Europa Publishers (Hungary); Kastaniotis Editions (Greece); Mondadori Editore (Italy); Nihon Keizei Shimbun (Japan); Oxford University Press (India); Oxford University Press (UK); Prophet Press (Taiwan); Sejong Publishers (Korea); Utigeverij Contact (Holland); Zysk I Ska Publishers (Poland) and Dudaj Publishing (Albanian). Rationality and Freedom, Harvard University Press, 2002 (Cambridge, MA and London, England). India: Development and Participation, Oxford University Press, 2002 (New Delhi, India). Jointly with Jean Drèze. The Argumentative Indian, Penguin Books Ltd., Farrar, Straus and Giroux, US, 2005; Worldwide Publishers: Akashi Shoten (Japanese); Ananda Publishers Private, Ltd. (Bengali); Arnoldo Mondadori Editore (Italian); Basam Books (Finnish); Chang Rim Publishing (Korean); Editions Odile Jacob (French); Penguin Books India Private Ltd. (Malayalam); Raipal & Sons (Hindi); Shanghai Joking Publishing Company (Shanghai). Identity and Violence: The Illusion of Destiny, W.W. Norton, USA, Penguin Books UK, and India, 2006; Worldwide publishers: China People’’s Publishing House (Chinese); Editions Oldie Jacob (French); Katz Editors (Spanish); Editor Laterza (Italian); Marjin Kiri (Indonesian); Raipal & Sons (Hindi); Verlag C.H.Beck (German); Zargol Books (Hebrew). ARTICLES: (I) SOCIAL CHOICE THEORY ““Preferences, Votes and the Transitivity of Majority Decisions,”” Review of Economic Studies, 3l (April 1964). ““A Possibility Theorem on Majority Decisions,”” Econometrica, 34 (1966). ““Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for Rational Choice under Majority Decision,”” Journal of Economic Theory, l (August 1969), jointly with P.K. Pattanaik. 6 ““The Impossibility of a Paretian Liberal,”” Journal of Political Economy, 78 (1979). Reprinted in F. Hahn and M. Hollis, eds., Philosophy and Economic Theory (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979). ““Interpersonal Aggregation and Partial Comparability,”” Econometrica, 38 (May 1970); ““A Correction,”” Econometrica, 40 (September 1972). ““The Impossibility of a Paretian Liberal: A Reply,”” Journal of Political Economy, 79 (November/December 197l). ““Liberty, Unanimity and Rights,”” Economica, 43 (August 1976). ““Social Choice Theory: A Re-Examination,”” Econometrica, 45 (1977). ““On Weights and Measures: Informational Constraints in Social Welfare Analysis,”” Econometrica, 45 (October 1977). ““Strategies and Revelation: Informational Constraints in Public Decisions,”” in J. J. Laffont, ed., Aggregation and Revelation of Preferences (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1979). ““Social Choice and Justice: A Review Article,”” Journal of Economic Literature, 23 (December 1985). [Review article on K.J. Arrow's Collected Papers: Social Choice and Justice]. ““Foundations of Social Choice Theory: An Epilogue,”” in J. Elster and A. Hylland, eds., Foundations of Social Choice Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986) ““Social Choice Theory,”” in K.J. Arrow and M. Intriligator, eds., Handbook of Mathematical Economics, Vol. III (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1986). ““Social Choice,”” in The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics (London: Macmillan, 1987). ““Welfare, Freedom and Social Choice: A Reply,”” Recherches Economiques de Louvain, 56 (1990). ““Minimal Liberty,”” Economica, 57 (1992). ““How to Judge Voting Schemes,”” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 9 (1995). ““Rationality and Social Choice,”” American Economic Review, 85 (1995). ““Social Commitment and Financial Conservatism,”” Il Mulino, 364 (March/April l996). ““Social Commitment and Democracy: The Demands of Equity and Financial Conservatism,”” (Eva Colorni Memorial volume) in Paul Barker, ed., Living as Equals (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996). ““Individual Preference as the Basis of Social Choice,”” in Kenneth J. Arrow et al, eds., Social Choice Re-examined (London Macmillan, 1997). ““Rights: Formulation and Consequences,”” Analyse and Kritik, 18 (1996). 7 ““The Possibility of Social Choice,”” American Economic Review, 89(3), June 1999; also in Les Prix Nobel 1998 (The Nobel Foundation, 1999); French translation, ““La possibilité du choice social,”” Revue de l'Ofce, Juillet 1999. (II) WELFARE ECONOMICS ““Distribution, Transitivity and Little's Welfare Criterion,”” Economic Journal, 73 (December 1963). ““The Efficiency of Indirect Taxes,”” in XXX, ed., Problems of Economic Dynamics and Planning: Essays in Honour of M. Kalecki (Warsaw, 1964). ““Mishan, Little and Welfare: A Reply,”” Economic Journal, 75 (1965). ““Labour Allocation in a Cooperative Enterprise,”” Review of Economic Studies, 333 (July 1966). ““A Game-Theoretic Analysis of Theories of Collectivism in Allocation,”” in T. Majumdar, ed., Growth and Choice (London: Oxford University Press, 1969). ““Planner’’s Preferences, Optimality, Distribution and Social Welfare,”” in J. Margolis and H. Guitton, eds., Public Economics (London: Macmillan, 1969). ““On Ignorance and Equal Distribution,”” American Economic Review, 63 (December, 1973). ““Informational Basis of Alternative Welfare Approaches: Aggregation and Income Distribution,”” Journal of Public Economics, 3 (1974). ““The Concept of Efficiency,”” in M. Parking and A. R. Nobay ed. Contemporary Issues in Economics (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1975). ““Welfare Inequalities and Rawlsian Axiomatic,”” Theory and Decision, 7 (1976). ““Non-linear Social Welfare Functions,”” in R. Butts and J. Hintikka, eds., Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1977). ““The Poverty of Welfarism,”” Economic Review, 8 (Spring 1977). ““Welfare Theory,”” in M. J. Beckmann et al, eds., Handworterbuch der Mathematischen Wirtschaftswissenschaften [Encyclopedic Handbook of Mathematical Economic Sciences] (Wiesbaden: Gabler, 1979). ““Personal Utilities and Public Judgments: Or What's Wrong with Welfare Economics?”” Economic Journal, 89 (September 1979). ““A Reply to Welfarism: A Defence against Sen's Attack,”” Economic Journal, 9l (June 198l). ““The Profit Motive,”” Lloyds Bank Review, 147 (January 1983). ““Goods and People,”” Proceedings of Seventh World Congress of the International Economic Association (London: Macmillan, 1987); also published in Resources, Values and Development (1984). 8 ““The Concept of Well-being,”” in S. Guhan and M. Shroff, eds., Essays on Economic Progress and Welfare: In Honour of I.G. Patel (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986). Welfare Economics and the Real World, Acceptance paper for the Frank Seidman Distinguished Award in Political Economy (Memphis, TN: P.K. Seidman Foundation, 1986). ““Justice,”” The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics (London: Macmillan, 1987). ““Social Välfärd”” [““Social Welfare””], in the Annual Report of the Swedish Economic Council (1991). Money and Value: On the Ethics and Economics of Finance, The First Baffi Lecture (Rome: Bank of Italy, 1991); republished in Economics and Philosophy, 9 (1993). ““Markets and Freedoms,”” Oxford Economic Papers, 45 (1993). ““Welfare Economics and Population Ethics,”” presented at the Nobel Jubilee Symposium on ““Population, Development and Welfare,”” Lund University (1991). ““Welfare, Preference and Freedom,”” Journal of Econometrics, 50 (1991). ““The Economics of Life and Death,”” Scientific American, 266 (1993) ““On the Foundations of Welfare Economics: Utility, Capability and Practical Reason,”” in F. H. Hahn, et al., eds., Ethics, Rationality and Economic Behavior, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996). ““Markets and the Freedom to Choose,”” in Horst Siebert, ed., The Ethical Foundations of the Market Economy (Tubingen: J.C.B. Mohr, 1994). ““Demography and Welfare Economics,”” Empirica, 22 (1995). ““Well-Being, Capability and Public Policy,”” Giornale Degli Economisti e Annali di Economia (July-September 1994). ““Democracy and Social Justice,”” presented at the Seoul Conference on Democracy, Market Economy and Development, February 26-27, 1999; published in World Bank Development Outlook (Summer 1999). ““Eonomic Policy and Equity: An Overview,”” in Vito Tanzi et al., eds., Economic Policy and Equity (Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, 1999). ““Foreword,”” in Peter Bauer, From Subsistence to Exchange, and Other Essays (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000). ““Merit and Justice,”” in Kenneth Arrow, et al., eds., Meritocracy and Economic Inequality (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000). 9 (III) ECONOMIC MEASUREMENT ““On the Development of Basic Economic Indicators to Supplement GNP Measures,”” United Nations Economic Bulletin for Asia and the Far East, 24 (1973). ““Notes on the Measurement of Inequality,”” Journal of Economic Theory, 6 (April 1973). Jointly with P. Dasgupta and D.Starrett. ““Poverty, Inequality and Unemployment: Some Conceptional Issues in Measurement,”” Sankhya: The Indian Journal of Statistics, 36 (June and December 1974). ““Real National Income,”” Review of Economic Studies, 43 (February 1976). ““Poverty: An Ordinal Approach to Measurement,”” Econometrica, 44 (March 1976). ““Ethical Measurement of Inequality: Some Difficulties,”” in W. Krelle and A.F. Shorrocks, eds., Personal Income Distribution (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1978). ““Issues in the Measurement of Poverty,”” Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 8l (1979). ““The Welfare Basis of Real Income Comparisons,”” Journal of Economic Literature 17 (March 1979). ““Levels of Poverty: Policy and Change,”” World Bank Staff Working Paper (Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1980). ““The Welfare Basis of Real Income Comparisons: A Reply,”” Journal of Economic Literature, 18 (December 1980). ““Poor, Relatively Speaking,”” Oxford Economic Papers, 35 (August 1983). ““The Living Standard,”” Oxford Economic Papers, 36 (August 1984); augmented version published in David Crocker and Toby Linden, eds., Ethics of Consumption (New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 1998). ““A Sociological Approach to the Measurement of Poverty: A Reply to Professor Peter Townsend,”” Oxford Economic Papers, 37 (November 1985). ““The Standard of Living,”” in S. McMurrin, ed., Tanner Lectures on Human Values VII (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986). ““The Nature of Inequality,”” in K.J. Arrow, ed., Issues in Contemporary Economics: Markets and Welfare (London: Macmillan, 1991). ““Life Expectancy and Inequality: Some Conceptual Issues,”” in P. Bardhan et al., eds., Development and Change (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993). ““Human Development Index: Methodology and Measurement,”” Human Development Report Office Occasional Paper 12 (New York, 1994). Jointly with Sudhir Anand. Reprinted in S. Fukuda-Parr and A. K. Shiva Kumar, eds., Readings in Human Development (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2003). 10