AI FOR IMMUNOLOGY AI FOR EVERYTHING Artificial intelligence (AI) is all around us. From driverless cars to game winning computers to fraud protection, AI is already involved in many aspects of life, and its impact will only continue to grow in future. Many of the world’s most valuable companies are investing heavily in AI research and development, and not a day goes by without news of cutting-edge breakthroughs in AI and robotics. The AI for Everything series will explore the role of AI in contemporary life, from cars and aircraft to medicine, education, fashion and beyond. Concise and accessible, each book is written by an expert in the field and will bring the study and reality of AI to a broad readership including interested professionals, students, researchers, and lay readers. AI for Immunology AI for Games Louis J. Catania Ian Millington AI for Cars AI for School Teachers Hanky Sjafrie & Josep Aulinas Rose Luckin & Karine George AI for Fashion AI for Learners Anthony Brew, Ralf Herbrich, Carmel Kent, Benedict du Boulay & Christopher Gandrud, Roland Vollgraf, Rose Luckin Reza Shirvany & Ana Peleteiro Ramallo AI for Social Justice AI for Death and Dying Alan Dix and Clara Crivellaro Maggi Savin-Baden AI for Radiology Oge Marques For more information about this series please visit: https://www.routledge.com/AI-for-Everything/book-series/AIFE A I F O R I M M U N O L O G Y LOUIS J. CATANIA, O.D., F.A.A.O., D.SC. (HON) Senior Clinical Associate, Nicolitz Eye Consultants Visiting Professor, Salus University, College of Health Sciences Instructor, University of North Florida, Division of Continuing Education First Edition published 2021 by CRC Press 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN and by CRC Press 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2021 Louis J. Catania CRC Press is an imprint of Informa UK Limited The right of Louis J. Catania to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access www. copyright.com or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. For works that are not available on CCC please contact [email protected] Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-0-367-68521-8 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-367-65465-8 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-13793-1 (ebk) Typeset in Joanna by codeMantra eResources are available at www.routledge.com/9780367654658 To Russell I’ll always remember. To all the health care workers who have served us all during the COVID-19 pandemic and every day, thank you. To the families of all those lost to the COVID-19 pandemic, my deepest sympathies. CONTENTS Preface ix Acknowledgments xiii Author xv 1 Understanding artificial intelligence (AI) 1 2 AI and the bioscience and clinical considerations for immunology 15 3 AI and chronic inflammation 31 4 AI and autoimmunity 53 5 AI and immunology considerations in pandemics and SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 87 6 Emerging trends and future directions for AI in immunology 127 Index 131 PREFACE You are about to take a deep dive into a group of five subjects, all relatively complex. Even more challenging is the fact that all five subjects are intimately related, disruptive (as in promoting change), and deeply personal (all have, and will continue to have direct and profound effects on you and your loved ones). Foreboding as this alert might seem, its promise includes an educational journey I think (I hope!) you will enjoy. The five subjects include: (1) immunology as a bioscience; (2) chronic inflammation, an adjunct of immunology and itself, a distinct clinical entity; (3) autoimmunity, again a component of immunology, but a clinical science unto itself; (4) immunology’s greatest challenge in the 21st century, the novel coronavirus (SARS- CoV-2) and the COVID-19 pandemic; and finally (5) the nexus of all four of these clinical and scientific subjects, the technology of artificial intelligence (AI), and the disruptive computer science that directly affects, soon to be, all aspects of human existence. The timing of the writing of this book (late 2020) is providential in relationship to the epical COVID-19 pandemic the world is facing. Notwithstanding the classification of the novel coronavirus (SARS- CoV-2) as an infectious disease, its pathogenesis, clinical manifes- tations, and eventual vanquishing or control fall directly within