Daniel Defoe A REVIEW of the STATE of the ENGLISH NATION Volume 6: 1709-10 Part One: April-September 1709 Daniel Defoe A REVIEW of the STATE of the ENGLISH NATION Volume 6: 1709-10 Edited by John McVeagh Part One: April-September 1709 LONDON Pickering & Chatto 2008 Published by Pickering & Chatto (Publishers) Umited 21 Bloomsbury Way, lj>ndon, WC1A 2TH 2252 Ridge Road, Brookfield, Vermont 05036, USA www.pickerinechatto. com All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without prior permission of the publisher. © Pickering & Chatto (Publishers) Limited and John McVeagh 2008 BRITISH LIBRARY CATALOGUING IN PUBLICATION DATA Defoe, Daniel, 1660 or 1-1731 Defoe's Review 1704-1713 1. Great Britain — Politics and government — 1702—1714 —Periodicals— Early works to 1800 2. Great Britain — Social conditions — 18th century — Periodicals — Early works to 1800 3. Great Britain - Intellectual life - 18th century - Periodicals - Early works to 1800 I. Title II. McVeagh, John, 1940- 941'.069'05 ISBN 978 1 85196 908 1 ISSN 1741-7074 This publication is printed on acid-free paper that conforms to the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper in Printed Library Materials. Typeset by John McVeagh Printed and bound in Great Britain at the University Press, Cambridge CONTENTS OF VOLUME 6 PART ONE Introduction vii Defoe's Preface 1 A 'Review of the State of the British 'Nation (31 March - 29 September 1709) 6 PART TWO A Review of the State of the British Nation (1 October 1709 - 23 March 1710) 387 Index 753 INTRODUCTION Volume 6 of Defoe's Review tan from 31 March 1709 to 23 March 1710. It was the first volume to be published both in London and Edinburgh. For the most part the Edinburgh edition was a reprint of the London text, often adapted in some way for northern readers. But not always. The editions differ wholly when Defoe concentrates on specifically Scottish concerns, such as defending Scotland from criticism by the English, or explaining how to im- prove Scottish agriculture and trade. On these occasions Defoe writes text for Scottish readers which English readers did not see.1 On some occasions it is the London edition which reprints text originally published in Edinburgh, not the other way round. (This is discussed below.) Defoe founded the Edin- burgh edition pardy in response to a request for a publication of their own from Scottish readers who wished to generate the kind of political debate which London had already enjoyed, after censorship, for a dozen years. The desire may be a premonitory flicker of the Scottish Enlightenment. This dual publication of the Review in 1709-10 may have formed part of a larger aim Defoe now cherished to establish himself more permanently in Scotland. When he went north in August 1709 he took along his son Benja- min Norton, who in October joined the second-year class at Edinburgh Uni- versity and remained in residence there until July 1711. Charles Eaton Burch speculates that Defoe, who in 1710 also gained control of the Edinburgh Cou- rant and the Scots Postman, and was in 'active partnership' with the Newcastle bookseller and printer Joseph Button (publisher of the Newcastle Gazette), was preparing his son to assist him in these ventures and may have 'looked for- ward to the day when Benjamin would take over these papers and become a power in Scottish journalism'.2 Maximilian Novak suggests that Defoe aimed to gain 'overall control of the press in Edinburgh'.3 From another viewpoint the dual publication of the Review in 1709-10 may appear less surprising. Rather it was one more innovation from an author notably resourceful in new ideas, particularly when a problem or opportunity 1 As in the Review of 2, 5 April, the 'Miscellanea' section of 27 September, and 25 October 1709 (Edinburgh edition). 2 Charles Eaton Burch, 'Benjamin Defoe at Edinburgh University', Philological Quarterly, 19 (1940), pp. 343-8 (p. 348). For the contract between Defoe and the printer David Fearne over the Scots Postman see Paula R. Backscheider, Daniel De- foe. His Ufe (Baltimore and London, 1989), p. 577, note 28. For Benjamin's fal- ling-out with and eventual opposition to his father, see DNB. 3 Maximilian Novak, Daniel Defoe, Master of Fictions (Oxford, 2001), p. 375. Vll Review, Vol. VI. Introduction presented itself. Defoe first founded the Review \n 1704 as an unusual combi- nation of serious politics with light entertainment, (the latter in the Advice' from the 'Scandalous Club'), at a time when other similar journals of opinion, such as John Tutchin's Observator, were altogether earnest. Defoe in mixing the comic and serious in the same periodical took a hint from Henry Care, who in the 1680s had combined with his Weekly Pacquet of Advice from Rome a satirical Popish Courant.1 Some months later he then siphoned off the satire into distinct supplements to prevent the politics from being swamped by fri- volity and gossip. In volume 2 (1705) came new and bigger developments. While increasing publication from twice a week to three times a week, he ditched the monthly supplements and founded instead the new independent Utile Review, a periodical wholly satirical, which appeared twice a week on the days when no main Review was available. This meant that he now wrote five Reviews each week, three of them serious and two satirical. He terminated the Utile Review when it too became encroaching and concentrated on the serious Review proper, combining it however with a lighter 'Miscellanea' column from time to time to vary the tone. Now in 1709-10 these changes were followed by the new idea of simulta- neous publication in Scotland and England. It is hard to name anything in the work of other writers of the time comparable to this initiative. Perhaps in one sense John Dyer's Tory handwritten News-Utter came nearest, for Dyer's method was to adapt the stories in that sheet to his readers' regional and po- litical interests, which meant that the contents of the same edition might vary from county to county. Defoe archly comments on this blatant pandering to prejudice by his rival when he writes that Dyer does not so much write what his Readers should believe, as what they would believe — Not what is Fact, but what will please them — and therefore, when a Friend of mine wrote to him to send him his Letter for a Coffee-House he had set up in a Countrey-Town, he wrote back to that Gentleman to send him Word what sort of People used his House, and he would send them such News as would fit them. (9 February 1710 London edition, reprinted in Ed- inburgh on 14 February) Since Dyer's News-Utter also included space in which readers could add their own items of news before passing the periodical on to others, it could claim to be many-authored. But in range and seriousness it does not challenge De- foe's London and Edinburgh edition of the Review, and no other journal comes near. 1 Defoe acknowledges the link in his 'Introduction' to the Supplement of September 1704 (volume 1, p. 393). Care was an admired Protestant writer of Defoe's youth. Vlll Review, Vol. VI. Introduction While writing volume 6 Defoe spent his time for the fourth year in a row partly in England and partly in Scotland, or travelling between the two. Few letters survive from the period 1709-10, as Lord Godolphin, his new patron, did not preserve them, so precise dates for his movements cannot be estab- lished. But from hints in the Review we know that he left London on his jour- ney north in August 1709.1 He was in Huntingdonshire about 17 August, and by 22 August had reached Derby. He arrived in Scotland before mid- September.2 It appears that shortly after this Defoe must have left Edinburgh for another journey further north, for on 13 September (Edinburgh edition; reprinted in London on 17 September) he attributed a missed Review deadline — the London edition for Thursday 15 September 1709 had failed to come out — to a friend's delay in posting the copy left with him when Defoe set out.3 A little later Defoe apologised for summarising German history from memory because he was still 'at the Writing of this in the North of North Brit- ain, and remote from the Help of Books or Assistance of others, whose Memory might be better furnish'd than my own' (20 September 1709 London edition, reprinted in Edinburgh on 22 September). Some weeks later, back in Edinburgh, he summarises his journey north in the course of discussing the corn harvest, and in the following number, still on the subject of harvest, de- scribes himself looking through his study window at 'the Fields standing full of the Shocks of Corn, the Quantity great, the Sheaves heavy, the Season kindly, and all Hands busie carrying it home' (15 October 1709 London edi- tion, reprinted in Edinburgh on 18 October). From later comments we know that Defoe remained in Scotland through October and November 1709.4 His throwaway remark about 'what to us here in Undon will be no News' (13 De- cember, London edition; reprinted in Edinburgh on 15 December) may be a textual device, for he apparently stayed in Scotland until early 1710. He wrote a poem on resignation as a 'little Legacy' for those he left behind when he went south again (28 January 1710, Edinburgh edition; not reprinted in Lon- don). Probably the Sacheverell row which blew up in December 1709, and which is discussed below, turned Defoe back to England. 1 Review, 13 October 1709 (London edition, reprinted in Edinburgh on 15 Octo- ber). 2 Review, 13 September 1709 (London edition, reprinted in Edinburgh on 20 Sep- tember). 3 There was another missed issue on Thursday 29 December 1709; see the pre- liminary headnote to the Review, 31 December 1709 (London edition). 4 Review, 25 October 1709 (Edinburgh edition, not reprinted in London) and 3 November 1709 (London edition, reprinted in Edinburgh on 12 November). IX Review, Vol. VI. Introduction Paula Backscheider calls the resignation poem with which Defoe closed his stay in Scodand a gloomy piece.1 Indeed some lines in it do seem wary, if not weary, with Defoe emphasising the untrustworthiness of worldly hope. It would be surprising if a degree of personal anxiety were not behind the writ- ing. Defoe's repeated stays in the north must have deepened his sense of dropping out of view in the world of London power. There were, as usual with Defoe, other worries. By January 1710, after a year, his Edinburgh edi- tion remained problematic. (It would be terminated after thirty five numbers of volume 7.) Benjamin Norton may already have been a trouble to his father. Well might Defoe claim: His full' Dependance is on GOD, He owns and eyes his Pow'r, He knows he must Account to Him, And waits with joy the Hour. In vain we talk of Happiness In any State below; There is no Calm on Earth, but what Must from this Temper flow. (28 January 1710, Edinburgh edition) Readers have detected a change in tone between Review 5 and Review 6. Maximilian Novak notes that after the Mad Man's departure from its pages on 18 November 1708 (volume 5) the Review became grave, as Defoe himself conceded, and while it remained 'a varied and well-written journal' it seemed to lack charm.2 It is not that the writing is worse. But while Defoe never abandoned entertainment his subjects become more serious. Contemporaries must especially have felt this when the Tatler began to appear on 12 April 1709. Defoe acknowledged himself outdone in polite wit by Addison and Steele, saying on one occasion, T do not pretend to be famous for my Concern at pleasingyou' but adding that 'If I can serve you, it will do every way as well' (13 October 1709, London edition, reprinted in Edinburgh on 15 October). But it was not just the challenge of the Tatler. The tone of literature in general was also changing. After the Tatler, new writers with a sprightlier manner and broader range than Tutchin, Leslie and Ridpath contributed to the Spectator, its successor, and left behind the old earnest constitutional discussions. These included Pope, Swift, Budgell, Hughes, Tickell and others. The Examiner, for 1 Backscheider says that in December 1708 Defoe had been 'less creative and less committed to anything than at any other time in his life' and infers from the poem that some 'emotional struggle' was draining him (Daniel Defoe, p. 263). There is no loss of energy in the writing however. 2 Novak, Defoe, Master of Fictions, pp. 341-3. Review, Vol. VI. Introduction which Swift wrote, was answered by Arthur Maynwaring in The Whig Exam- iner (with Addison as a contributor), and Maynwaring with John Oldmixon also produced The Medley as a reply to the Examiner} While not depreciating the literature of its early years, the polite sparkle of the second decade of the eighteenth century could make even Defoe's work, though in vigour and in- vention inferior to none, seem unfashionable. It would be John Gay's as- sessment in 1711.2 Defoe already saw it in 1709-10. The sixth volume's dual publication in London and Edinburgh makes for an unusully complicated text while the experiment lasted,3 of which the fol- lowing account may be helpful in this place. Defoe's initial idea was to repro- duce the London text in an Edinburgh printing. This, as suggested above, was to meet an interest among Scottish readers he had himself helped to de- velop, who now clubbed together and 'by their own voluntary Subscription encourag'd the Reprinting it at Edinburgh''.4 We get a hint of the agreement in Defoe's later reminder to his Edinburgh readers, when the Scottish edition was in difficulties, that if they now wanted to drop their support it would be fair to honour their original commitment and give agreed notice. Defoe writes that although, 'if the Gentlemen think it is no longer useful to thepublick Good', he is con- tent to terminate the Edinburgh edition, yet he Humbly, and with Respect desires to remind the Gentlemen subscribing to it, That the Terms of Subscription were to oblige the Subscribers for two Years, with a certain time of'Notice, when they resolve to decline; and it would be but just to give the Author, who lives so Remote, and is at a certain 1 John Oldmixon summarises this pamphlet warfare in 1709-11 in his History of England (1735), pp. 456-7. Of Defoe Oldmixon writes that according to Arthur Maynwaring T)e Foe had great Obligations to the Lord-Treasurer Godolphin, when he began to turn his Reviews against his generous Benefactor; and wrote his Lord- ship a Letter, that he did it in compliance with the Madness of the Times; and seem'd to fall in with those who clamour'd against his Administration, only that he might get a Hearing in his Favour: Nay, this base Wretch took Money at the same time of the Lord Godolphin, who paid him half a Year's Pension after he wrote against him, and of Mr. R Harley, who sent him to Scotland as a Spy, when the Treaty of Union was on foot, and kept him in Pay ever after, as a Man whose Conscience was exactly of a Size with his own' (p. 456). The letter mentioned from Defoe to Godolphin has not survived. 2 See the Introduction to the Review, vol 5, pp. xxvi-xxvii. 3 He dropped the Edinburgh imprint after thirty five numbers; see A.W. Secord (ed.), Defoe's Review, facsimile edition, 22 vols (New York, 1938), Book 14, p. v. 4 See the Review, volume 5, 'Preface' p. 1. XI