The Project Gutenberg EBook of A History of England, by J. Franck Bright This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license Title: A History of England Period I, Mediaeval Monarchy Author: J. Franck Bright Release Date: February 9, 2020 [EBook #61358] Language: English Character set encoding: UTF-8 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A HISTORY OF ENGLAND *** Produced by Jane Robins, John Campbell and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive) TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE Footnote anchors are denoted by [number], and the footnotes have been placed at the end of the book. Some minor changes to the text are noted at the end of the book. A HISTORY OF ENGLAND MEDIÆVAL MONARCHY 449–1485 A HISTORY OF ENGLAND. By the Rev. J. Franck Bright, M.A., Fellow of University College, and Historical Lecturer in Balliol, New, and University Colleges, Oxford; late Master of the Modern School in Marlborough College. With numerous Maps and Plans. Crown 8vo. This work is divided into three Periods of convenient and handy size, especially adapted for use in Schools, as well as for Students reading special portions of History for local and other Examinations. Period I.—Mediæval Monarchy: The Departure of the Romans, to Richard III. From A.D. 449 to A.D. 1485. 4s. 6d. Period II.—Personal Monarchy: Henry VII. to James II. From A.D. 1485 to A.D. 1688. 5s. Period III.—Constitutional Monarchy: William and Mary to the Present Time. From A.D. 1689 to A.D. 1837. 7s. 6d. [All rights reserved.] A HISTORY OF ENGLAND BY THE REV. J. FRANCK BRIGHT, M.A. FELLOW OF UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, AND HISTORICAL LECTURER IN BALLIOL, NEW, AND UNIVERSITY COLLEGES, OXFORD; LATE MASTER OF THE MODERN SCHOOL IN MARLBOROUGH COLLEGE PERIOD I. MEDIÆVAL MONARCHY From the Departure of the Romans to Richard III. 449–1485 With Maps and Plans RIVINGTONS WAT E RL OO P L A C E , L ON DON Oxford, and Cambridge MDCCCLXXVII [Second Edition, Revised] T P R E FA C E . he object of this book is expressed in the title. It is intended to be a useful book for school teaching, and advances no higher pretensions. Some years ago, at a meeting of Public School Masters, the want of such a book was spoken of, and at the suggestion of his friends, the Author determined to attempt to supply this want. The objections raised to the school histories ordinarily used were—first, the absence of historical perspective, produced by the unconnected manner in which the facts were narrated, and the inadequate mention of the foreign relations of the country; secondly, the omission of many important points of constitutional history; thirdly, the limitation of the history to the political relations of the nation, to the exclusion of its social growth. It was at first intended to approach the history almost entirely on the social and constitutional side; but a very short trial proved that this method required a too constant employment of allusions, and presupposed too much knowledge in the reader, to be suitable for a book intended primarily for schools. It was therefore resolved to limit the description of the growth of society to a few comprehensive chapters and passages, and to follow the general course of history in such a way as to bring out as clearly as possible the connection of the events, and their relative importance in the general national growth. This decision, though taken against his inclinations, the Author can no longer regret, as the social side of our history has been so adequately treated by Mr. Green in his History of the English People, of the approaching publication of which he was at the time quite ignorant. On the same grounds of practical utility, it has been thought better to retain the old and well-known divisions into reigns, rather than to disturb the knowledge boys have already gained by the introduction of a new though more scientific division. The Author has not scrupled to avail himself of the works of modern authors, though, in most cases, he has verified their views by reference to original authorities. In the earlier period the works of Professor Stubbs, Mr. Freeman, and Dr. Pauli; in the Tudor and Stuart period those of Froude, Ranke, and Macaulay; in the later period the histories of Miss Martineau and Lord Stanhope have been of the greatest assistance. Greater stress has been laid upon the later than the earlier periods, as is indeed obvious from the divisions of the work. With regard to the starting-point chosen, it may be well to explain that the English invasion was fixed upon, because it so thoroughly obliterated all remnants of the Roman rule, that they have exerted little or no influence upon the development of the nation—the real point of interest in a national history. It is hoped that the genealogies of the great families will assist in the comprehension of mediæval times in the history of which they played so large a part, and that the maps supplied will suffice to enable the reader to follow pretty accurately, without reference to another atlas, the military and political events mentioned. A brief and rapid summary for the use of beginners was originally projected to preface the work, but the brevity required by a book of this description rendered such an addition impossible without injury to the more important part. An attempt has been made to replace it by a very full analysis, which, in the hands of a careful teacher, has been proved by experience a useful method of teaching the main facts of history. Oxford, 1875. [Pg v] [vi] [vii] A LIST OF SOME USEFUL AUTHORITIES. BEFORE THE CONQUEST. General Histories. Lappenberg’s England under the Anglo-Saxon Kings. Lingard’s History of England. Sharon Turner’s History of the Anglo-Saxons. Freeman and Palgrave have each published short books for the young on the period. Constitutional. All that is necessary to be known is to be found in Stubbs’ Constitutional History. Treated more at length in Kemble’s Saxons in England, and Sir F. Palgrave’s History of the English Commonwealth. An excellent sketch in Freeman’s Norman Conquest. All the ancient laws are collected in Thorpe’s Ancient Laws; sufficient extracts to be found in Stubbs’ Illustrative Documents. The whole history, including literature and society, is given in Green’s History of the English People in a brief and very interesting form. General Authorities. Bæda’s Ecclesiastical History, for a century and a half after the landing of Augustin. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which becomes very important after the time of Alfred. Milman’s Latin Christianity. The English Conquest. Gildas, and the earlier part of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Establishment of the Church. Kemble’s Saxons. Stubbs’ Constitutional History. Alfred. Asser’s Life. Dr. Pauli’s Life. Dunstan. Stubbs’ Preface to Life of Dunstan (Master of the Rolls’ series). E. W. Robertson’s Essay on Dunstan. Eadward the Confessor and Family of Godwine. Lives of Eadward, edited by Luard (Rolls’ series). Freeman’s Norman Conquest, vol. ii. Normandy. Palgrave’s History of Normandy and England. Freeman’s Norman Conquest. William de Jumièges. Orderic Vitalis. William of Poitiers. NORMAN AND PLANTAGENET KINGS. General Histories. Lingard. Lappenberg. Pearson’s Early and Middle Ages of England. Hook’s Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury. Campbell’s Lives of the Chancellors. Foss’s Judges of England. Constitutional. Stubbs’ Constitutional History and Illustrative Documents. General Authorities. Orderic Vitalis. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. William I. Eadmer’s Historia Novorum. Domesday-Book with Ellis’ Introduction. William II. Palgrave’s William Rufus. Eadmer’s Life of Anselm. Church’s Life of Anselm. Henry I. William of Malmesbury. Henry of Huntingdon (Surtees Society). Stephen. Gesta Stephani (Surtees Society). Henry II. and Becket. Dr. Giles’ Collection of the Letters of Becket, Foliot, and John of Salisbury. Gervais of Canterbury till 1200 (Twisden’s Decem Scriptores). Benedict of Peterborough, 1169-1192, and Roger of Hoveden to 1201, with Stubbs’ Prefaces in the Rolls’ series. William of Newbury, to 1198 (English Historical Society). Lord Lyttleton’s Life of Henry II. Ireland. Geraldus Cambrensis’ Conquest of Ireland (Rolls’ series, translated in Bohn). Richard I. Itinerarium Regis Ricardi (Rolls’ series). Richard of Devizes (English Historical Society). Ralph of Diceto, 1200 (Twisden). Several chronicles are translated in Bohn as Chronicles of the Crusades. John and the Great Charter. Roger of Wendover, who was continued by Matthew of Paris, and William Rishanger (Rolls’ series). Chronicles of various abbeys, such as Waverley and Dunstable. For the English reader, Stubbs’ Illustrative Documents. Henry III. [viii] [ix] [x] [xi] Matthew of Paris. Rishanger. The Royal Letters (edited by Shirley in the Rolls’ series). The Rhyming Chronicle of Robert of Gloucester to 1270. Blaauw’s Barons’ War. Wright’s Political Songs (Camden Society). Brewer’s Monumenta Franciscana (Rolls’ series). LATER PLANTAGENETS. General Histories. Sharon Turner’s Middle Ages. Lingard. Dr. Pauli’s Geschichte von England. Hook’s Archbishops. Campbell’s Chancellors. Constitutional. Stubbs. Hallam. General Authorities. Rymer’s Fœdera. Public Documents published chiefly by the Record Commission. Various Rolls, especially Rolls of Parliament, Statutes of the Realm, Proceedings and Ordinances of the Privy Council. Walter of Hemingburgh, to 1346. Thomas of Walsingham, a compilation from the Annals of St. Albans Abbey (Rolls’ series). For Scotch History. Hill Burton’s History of Scotland. For French History. Martin or Sismondi’s History. Edward I. Trivet (English Historical Society). Rishanger. Palgrave’s Documents and Records illustrating History of Scotland. Freeman’s Essay on Edward I. Modus tenendi Parliamentum (Stubbs’ Documents) . Rotuli Scotiæ (Record Commission). Towns. Ordinances of the English Guilds (Early English Text Society), with Brentano’s Preface. Edward II. Trokelowe, to 1323 (Rolls’ series). Anonymous Monk of Malmesbury, to 1327. Thomas de la Moor (Camden Society). Adam of Murimuth (English Historical Society). Edward III. Froissart. John le Bel. Robert of Avesbury, to 1356 (Hearne). Knyghton (Twisden’s Decem Scriptores). Longman’s History of Edward III. Wicliffe. Shirley’s Preface to Fasciculi Zizaniorum. Vaughan’s Life of Wicliffe. Black Death. Seebohm’s Essays in the Fortnightly Review for 1865. Condition of the People. Rogers’ History of Prices. Richard II. Walsingham. Annales Ricardi Secundi et Henrici Quinti (Rolls’ series). Chronique de la Traison et Mort de Richard (English Historical Society). M. Wallon’s Richard II. is said to be the best modern book on the subject. Wright’s Political Songs (Rolls’ series). HOUSES OF LANCASTER AND YORK. General Histories. As before, with Brougham’s History of England under the House of Lancaster. Old Histories. Fabyan, died 1512 (edited by Sir Henry Ellis). Hall, Henry IV. to Henry VIII. Polydore Vergil (Camden Society). Stowe, published 1592. Ellis’ Collection of Original Letters illustrative of English History. Henry IV. Walsingham (Rolls’ series). Knyghton. Royal Historical Letters (Rolls’ series). Henry V. Walsingham. Memorials of Henry V. (Rolls’ series). Titus Livius Vita Henrici Quinti (copied in part in the Gesta). Gesta Henrici Quinti (Historical Society). Monstrelet. Henry VI. William of Worcester to 1491 (completed by his son). English Chronicle (Richard II. to 1471) (Camden Society). Continuator of Croyland, 1459-1485. John of Westhampstead (Hearne). Paston Letters, 1434-1485 (E. D. Gairdner). Memoir of John Carpenter. Wars of the English in France (Rolls’ series). Procès de Jeanne d’Arc (Historical Society of France). Edward IV. Arrival of Edward IV. (Camden Society). Warkworth, 1461-1474. Edward V. Life, by Sir Thomas More. Richard III. History, by Sir Thomas More. Miss Halsted’s Life. Letters of Richard III. and Henry VII. (Gairdner, Rolls’ series). [xii] CONTENTS. ENGLAND BEFORE THE CONQUEST. 449-1066. PAGE Departure of the Romans, 1 Settlement of the various English tribes, 1 449 The Jutes, 1 477 The Saxons, 2 520 The Angles, 2 597 Conversion to Christianity, 3 Struggle for supremacy among the Saxon kingdoms, 3 Supremacy of Northumbria, 3 716-819 Supremacy of Mercia, 4 800 Ecgberht, 5 Supremacy of the West Saxons, 5 Period of Danish Invasion, 5 836 Æthelwulf, 6 858 Æthelbald, 6 860 Æthelberht, 6 866 Æthelred, 6 870 Danish Conquest of East Anglia, 7 871 Alfred, 7 Appreciation of Alfred’s character, 8 Continued superiority of Wessex, 10 901 Eadward the Elder, 10 925 Æthelstan, 11 940 Eadmund, 11 946 Eadred, 11 Rise of Dunstan, 12 955 Edwy, 13 957 Eadgar, 13 Dunstan’s government, 13 Division of Northumbria, 14 975 Eadward the Martyr, 15 Fall of Dunstan, 15 979 Æthelred the Unready, 15 Third Period of Danish Invasion, 15 991 Battle of Maldon, 16 994 First Danegelt, 16 Æthelred’s Marriage with Emma, 17 1002 Massacre of St. Brice, 17 Pernicious influence of Eadric Streona, 17 1008 Thurkill’s invasion, 17 1013 Swegen’s Great Invasion, 18 England submits to Swegen, 18 1014 Restoration of Æthelred, 18 1016 Edmund Ironside, 19 Five great battles, 19 Division of the Kingdom, 19 1017 Cnut King of all England, 19 His patriotic government, 20 Disputed succession, 21 Importance of Earl Godwine, 21 1037 Harold, 21 1040 Harthacnut, 21 Restoration of the English Line, 21 1042 Eadward the Confessor, 21 Rivalry of Godwine and the French Party, 22 1051 Godwine banished, 22 1052 His return and death, 23 1053 Harold succeeds to his influence, 23 He subdues Wales, 24 1066 Harold made King, 24 Claims of his rivals, Tostig and William of Normandy, 24 William’s preparations, 25 Tostig’s invasion, 26 William lands, 26 [xiii] [xiv] Battle of Hastings or Senlac, 26 Death of Harold, 27 —————————— State of Society at the Conquest. —————————— THE CONQUEST. WILLIAM I. 1066-1087. 1066 Intended resistance of the English, 40 Election of Eadgar, 41 William marches to London, 41 William is crowned, 41 His position as King, 42 Transfer of Property, 43 The form of Law retained, 43 Castles built, 43 Appointment of Earls, 43 1067 William revisits Normandy, 44 Misgovernment by his Viceroys, 44 Consequent rebellion, 44 Insurrections call him home, 44 1068 His position in the North and West, 45 1096 His devastations in Yorkshire, 47 1070 Complete subjugation of the North, 47 William’s legislation, 48 His reform of the Church, 48 Appointment of foreign Bishops, 48 Stigand deposed, 48 Lanfranc Archbishop, 49 His Legislation, 49 He connects the Church with Rome, 49 But William still Head of the Church, 49 1071 Final Struggle of the English under Hereward, 50 Wales held in check by the Counts Palatine, 51 Savage invasions from Scotland, 51 1072 Malcolm swears fealty, 52 1075 Troubles in Normandy, 52 1076 Conspiracy of Norman nobles suppressed, 52 Waltheof executed, 53 Quarrel between William and his Sons, 53 1079 Reconciliation at Gerberoi, 54 Odo’s oppressive government, 54 1084 Cnut’s threatened invasion, 54 1085 The Domesday Book, 55 1087 William’s death and burial, 55 CONQUEST OF NORMANDY AND ORGANIZATION OF ENGLAND. WILLIAM II. 1087-1100. 1087 William crowned by Lanfranc, 56 Appeases the English, 56 Checks Norman opposition, 57 1089 Lanfranc dies, 57 Flambard succeeds him, 57 1090 William’s quarrels with his Brothers, 57 1091 War with Scotland, 58 1094 Continued War with Wales, 59 Troubles in Normandy, 59 1095 Conspiracy of Mowbray, 59 1100 Size of his Dominions at his death, 60 Causes of his inferiority to his Father, 60 1089 Disputes with the Church, 61 Bishoprics left vacant, 61 1093 Anselm made Archbishop, 61 William opposes his reforms, 62 HENRY I. 1100-1135. 1100 Henry secures the crown, 63 Conciliates all classes, 63 His policy, 64 [xv] [xvi] His opponents, 65 1101 Robert seeks the crown, 65 Withdraws without bloodshed, 65 Henry attacks his partisans, 65 1102 Defeat of Belesme and Norman Barons, 66 Establishment of royal power, 66 Belesme received in Normandy, 66 1105 Consequent invasion of the Duchy, 66 1106 Battle of Tenchebray, defeat of Robert, 66 1107 War with France, 67 Louis supports William Clito, 67 End of the War, 67 1113 Treaty of Gisors, 67 Prince William acknowledged heir, 68 1115 Renewed War with France and Anjou, 68 1119 Battle of Brenneville, 68 Complete prosperity, 68 1120 Death of Prince William, and its consequences, 68 1124 War with Anjou, 69 1128 Death of William Clito, 69 Attempt to secure the succession to Matilda, 69 1135 Death of Henry, 70 Wales held in check by colonies of Flemings, 70 Constant insurrections, 70 Henry’s Church policy, 70 1100 Anselm refuses fealty, 71 He has to leave England, 71 1106 Unsupported by the Pope, 71 Makes a compromise at Bec, 71 1102 Synod of Westminster, 71 Frequent bad Church appointments, 72 Henry corrects them when possible, 72 Wretched condition of the People, 72 Their chief complaints, 73 Baronial tyranny, 73 Heavy taxation, 73 Henry cures what evils he can, 74 His strict Police, 74 Administrative machinery, 74 Local Courts, 75 Curia Regis, 75 Its political effect, 76 The National Assembly, 76 FEUDAL OUTBREAK. STEPHEN. 1135-1154. 1135 Strange character of the Reign, 77 Great power of the Church, 78 Stephen’s Charter, 78 Affairs in Wales, 78 Early signs of disturbance, 79 1137 War with Scotland, 79 Last national effort of the English, 79 1138 Battle of the Standard, 80 Growth of Anarchy in England, 80 Creation of Earldoms and castles, 80 Robert of Gloucester renounces his fealty, 81 Stephen’s mercenaries, 81 Jealousy between the old and new Administrations, 81 Stephen’s quarrel with the Church, 82 1139 Consequent arrival of Matilda, 82 Civil War, 82 Continued quarrel with the Church, 82 1141 Robert of Gloucester, to bring matters to a crisis, fights the Battle of Lincoln, 83 Matilda seeks help from the Church and becomes Queen, 83 Importance of the Londoners, 83 Matilda offends both Church and Londoners, 84 Consequent revolution of affairs, 84 1142 Gloucester taken prisoner and exchanged for Stephen, 84 1146 Renewal of the old anarchy, 84 1147 Appearance of Prince Henry, 84 [xvii] [xviii] 1148 Death of Robert of Gloucester, 85 1152 Henry’s marriage and increased power, 85 The Church sides with him, 85 1153 Meeting of the armies at Wallingford, 85 The Church mediates a Compromise, 86 1154 Death of Stephen, 86 Quotations from Chroniclers showing the miseries of the Reign, 86 RECONSTITUTION OF THE MONARCHY—FORMATION OF THE NATION. HENRY II. 1154-1189. 1154 Main Objects of Henry’s Reign, 89 He restores order in the State, 90 Friendship with Adrian IV., 90 1157 Master of England, Henry attacks Wales, 91 Rise of Thomas à Becket, 92 1158 He is employed in foreign negotiations, 92 1159 Nevertheless there is war with France, 92 Interesting points in it, 92 The Scotch King serves Henry, 93 Introduction of Scutage, 93 Having reduced the State to order, Henry turns to the Church, 93 General friendship of England and France with the Pope, 94 1161 Election of Becket to Archbishopric, 95 He upholds the Encroachments of the Church, 95 1164 Quarrel with Becket, and Constitutions of Clarendon, 95 Becket refuses them, 96 Lukewarmness of Alexander III., 96 The quarrel takes a legal form, 97 Comes before the Council, 97 Henry presses him with charges, 97 Becket leaves the Court before judgment is given, 98 1165 He is received by the Pope, 98 But Henry refuses to oppose Alexander, 99 1166 Meanwhile he attacks Wales, and secures Brittany, 99 Becket excommunicates his enemies, 99 1167 The Pope temporizes, 99 Critical position of Henry, 100 1170 Coronation of young Henry, 100 Finding this step unpopular, 101 Henry submits, 101 Becket ventures to return to England, 101 Becket’s death, 101 Henry retires to the Invasion of Ireland, 102 Condition of Ireland, 102 1169 Invasion by Strongbow, 102 1171 Henry himself invades Ireland, 102 Irish Church adopts Romish discipline, 102 Henry’s reconciliation with Rome, 103 1174 Great Insurrection, 103 Crisis of the danger, 104 Henry’s penance at Canterbury, 104 Capture of the Scotch King at Alnwick, 104 Henry’s complete success, 105 Small diminution of Henry’s power, either temporal or ecclesiastical, 105 Henry’s Judicial and Constitutional changes, 106 The Curia Regis, 106 Itinerant Justices, 106 Origin of the Jury, 108 Assize of Arms, Scutage, 109 Closing troubles with his Sons and with France, 109 The causes of these troubles, 109 1183 First War, against Young Henry, 110 1184 Second War, against Richard, 111 1187 Third War, 111 1188 Saladin Tax, 111 1189 Last War, with Richard and Philip, 112 Henry’s ill success, 112 Disastrous Peace and Death, 112 Importance of the Reign, 113 [xix] RICHARD I. 1189-1199. 1189 Persecution of the Jews, 115 All Offices put up for sale, 116 1190 Richard starts for the Crusade, 110 Leaving England to Longchamp, 116 Richard quarrels with Philip in Sicily, 117 1191 He conquers Cyprus, 118 Miserable condition of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, 119 1187 Jerusalem taken by Saladin, 119 1189 Acre besieged, 119 1191 Arrival of the Crusaders, 119 Richard saves Acre, 120 Philip goes home, 120 Richard quarrels with Austria, 120 1192 Truce with Saladin, 121 1191 John’s Behaviour in England, 121 Return of Philip, 122 Need of Richard’s return, 122 1192 His imprisonment in Germany, 122 John and Philip combine against him, 122 England ransoms him, 123 1194 Richard’s return, John’s defeat, 123 War with France, 123 1199 Richard’s death at Chaluz, 124 Development of the Administrative System, 124 STRUGGLE BETWEEN THE CROWN AND THE NATION. JOHN. 1199-1216. 1199 John secures the crown, 126 His strong position, 127 1200 His danger from France, 127 Peace with Philip, and marriage treaty, 127 Marriage with Isabella de la Marche, 128 1201 Homage of Scotland, 128 Outbreak in Poitou, 128 1202 John’s French Provinces forfeited, 128 1203 Death of Arthur, 129 1205 Loss of Normandy, 129 1206 Peace with Philip, 129 1205 Election of the Archbishop of Canterbury, 130 Stephen Langton, 131 1207 Consecration at Viterbo, and John’s violence, 131 1208 Interdict and flight of Bishops, 131 1209 Excommunication, 131 1210 Attack on Scotland, Ireland and Wales, 132 Disaffection of the Northern Barons, 133 The King’s rapacity, 133 1211 European crisis, 133 League with Northern Princes, 133 1213 John’s deposition, 133 Surrender of the Crown to the Pope, 134 John’s improved position, 134 1214 Renewed difficulties with Stephen Langton, 135 1215 John hopes to secure his position by victory in France, 135 1214 Battle of Bouvines, 136 1215 Insurrection in England on his return, 136 Meeting at Brackley, 136 Capture of London, 137 Runnymede, 137 Political position of England, 137 Terms of Magna Charta, 138 John attempts to break loose from it, 139 1216 Louis is summoned, 139 John’s death, 140 HENRY III. 1216-1272. 1216 Henry’s authority gradually established, 141 Difficulties at his accession, 142 Pembroke’s measures of conciliation, 142 [xx] [xxi] 1217 Fair of Lincoln, 112 Louis leaves England, 142 Renewal of the Charter, 142 1218 Papal attempt to govern by Legates, 143 Pandulf’s government, 143 1221 His fall, 143 Triumph of national party under Hubert de Burgh, 143 Parties in England, 144 1223 Opposition Barons at Leicester, 144 Resumption of royal castles, 145 1224 Destruction of Faukes de Breauté, 145 Danger from France, 145 1223 Death of Philip, 145 1226 Death of Louis VIII., 145 English neglect this opportunity, 146 Poitou remains French, 146 1227 Hubert’s continued power, 146 Langton supports his policy, 146 Change of Popes—increased exactions, 147 1228 Death of Langton, 147 Quarrel of Henry and De Burgh, 147 1229 Henry’s false foreign policy, 147 1231 Return of Des Roches, 148 1232 Twenge’s riots, 148 Fall of De Burgh, 148 1233 Revolution under Des Roches, 149 Earl of Pembroke upholds De Burgh, 149 1234 Edmund of Canterbury causes Des Roches’ fall, 150 1235 Henry becomes his own minister, 151 1236 Henry’s marriage, 151 1237 Influence of the Queen’s uncles, 151 1238 Formation of a national party under Simon de Montfort, 152 Revival in the Church, 152 Grostête, 153 1243 Loss of Poitou, 153 Prince Richard joins the foreign party, 154 1244 Exactions in Church and State, 154 1247 Inroad of Poitevin favourites, 155 1248 Discontent of the Barons, 155 Continued misgovernment, 155 1249 Tallages on the cities, 155 1250 Diversion of the Crusade, 156 De Montfort’s government of Gascony, 156 His quarrel with the King, 156 1253 By his aid Gascony is saved, 156 The King’s money difficulties, 157 1254 The Pope offers Edmund the Kingdom of Sicily, 157 Henry accepts it on ruinous terms, 157 1256 Consequent exactions, 158 1257 Terrible famine, 158 Parliament at length roused to resistance, 158 Parliament at Westminster, 158 1258 The “Mad Parliament,” 159 Provisions of Oxford, 159 Opposition to the surrender of Castles, 160 Exile of aliens, 160 Proclamation of the Provisions, 160 Government of the Barons, 160 1259 Final treaty with France, 161 Henry thinks of breaking the Provisions, 161 1261 The Pope’s absolution arrives, 161 Quarrel between De Clare and De Montfort, 161 1262 Return of De Montfort, 162 1263 Outbreak of hostilities, 162 1264 The Award of Amiens fails, 163 War—Battle of Lewes, 163 The Mise of Lewes, 163 Appointment of revolutionary government, 163 The exiles assemble at Damme, 164 De Montfort desires final settlement, 164 [xxii] [xxiii] Royalist movements on the Welsh Marches, 164 1265 Parliament assembles, 165 Conditions of Prince Edward’s liberation, 165 De Clare forsakes the Barons, 166 He joins the Marchers, 166 Escape of Edward, 166 Leicester opposes Edward in Wales, 166 Defeat at Kenilworth, 166 Battle of Evesham, 167 1266 Dictum of Kenilworth, 168 1267 De Clare compels more moderate government, 168 Constitutional end of the reign, 168 Views of the people on the war, 168 SETTLEMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION. EDWARD I. 1272-1307. 1272 Edward’s accession and character, 171 The first English King, 172 His political views, 173 His legal mind, 173 His success, 173 His enforced concessions, 174 1275 His first Parliament, 174 Statute of Westminster, 174 Establishment of Customs, 174 1278 Edward’s restorative measures, 174 New coinage, 175 1279 Statute of Mortmain, 175 Affairs in Wales, 175 1275 Llewellyn’s suspicious conduct, 175 1277 War breaks out, 176 Llewellyn submits, and is mercifully treated, 176 1282 Second rising in Wales, 176 Death of Llewellyn, 176 1288 Execution of David, 176 1284 Statute of Wales, 177 Annexation of Wales, 177 1282 Foreign affairs call Edward abroad, 177 1284 The Sicilian Vespers, 177 1286 Edward acts as mediator between France and Aragon, 178 1288 His award is repudiated, 178 1289 Disturbances in England during his absence, 178 He returns, punishes corrupt judges, banishes the Jews, 179 Second period of the reign, 179 Relations with Scotland, 180 1290 Extinction of the Scotch royal family, 181 Proposed marriage of the Maid and Prince Edward, 181 Invitation to Edward to settle the Succession, 182 Death of the Maid, 182 1291 Meeting at Norham, 182 Edward’s supremacy allowed, 182 The claimants to the Scotch throne, 182 1292 Edward gives a just verdict, 183 Balliol accepts the throne as a vassal, 183 1293 Scotland appeals therefore to the English Courts, 183 The appeals not pressed to extremities, 184 Quarrel with France, 184 Edward is outwitted, Gascony occupied, 184 Balliol in alliance with France, 184 1295 First True Parliament, 183 1296 Edward marches into Scotland, 185 Defeat of the Scotch at Dunbar, 185 Submission of Balliol and Scotland, 186 Constitutional opposition of Clergy and Barons, 186 1296 Refusal of the Clergy to grant subsidies, 186 1297 The Clergy outlawed, 187 The Barons refuse to assist Edward, 187 Compromise with the Clergy, 187 Edward secures an illegal grant, 187 The Earls demand the confirmation of the Charters, 188 They are granted with reservations, 188 [xxiv] Scotch insurrection under Wallace, 189 1299 English Treaty with France, 189 Edward invades Scotland, 190 Defeats Wallace at Falkirk, 190 Comyn’s Regency, 190 1301 Parliament of Lincoln, 190 The Pope’s claims rejected, 191 1303 Third invasion and conquest of Scotland, 191 1306 Bruce murders Comyn and rebels, 192 Preparations for a fourth invasion, 192 1307 Edward’s death near Carlisle, 192 Constitutional importance of the reign, 193 RENEWAL OF THE STRUGGLE OF THE NATION AGAINST THE CROWN. EDWARD II. 1307-1327. 1307 Edward’s friendship for Gaveston, 198 1308 The Barons demand his dismissal, 198 1309 Gaveston’s return, 199 General discontent, 199 Statute of Stamford, 200 1310 Appointment of the Lords Ordainers, 200 1311 Useless assault on Scotland, 200 The Ordinances published, 201 Policy of the Opposition, 201 Gaveston banished, 201 1312 He reappears with the King, 202 He is beheaded at Warwick, 202 1314 Renewal of the War with Scotland, 203 Battle of Bannockburn, 203 Edward refuses to treat, 204 Consequent disasters, 204 1315 Wars in Wales and Ireland, 204 Bruce’s invasion of Ireland, 204 1316 He is crowned King, 205 1318 He is killed at Dundalk, 205 1316 Distress in England, 205 Lancaster temporary Minister, 205 Power of the Despensers, 205 1318 Temporary reconciliation, 206 1320 Truce with Scotland, 206 The Welsh Marchers quarrel with the Despensers, 206 Edward supports his favourites, 206 1321 Hereford and Lancaster combine, 206 The Despensers are banished, 206 An insult to the Queen rouses the King to energy, 207 Edward recalls the Despensers, 207 1322 Pacifies the Marches, 207 Attacks Lancaster, 207 Battle of Boroughbridge, 207 Lancaster worshipped as a Saint, 207 Triumph of the Despensers, 208 Renewal of war with Scotland, 208 1323 Peace for thirteen years with Scotland, 208 Dangers surrounding the King, 208 1324 Difficulties with France, 209 1325 The Queen and Prince in France, 209 1326 She lands in England, 210 Her party gathers strength, 210 The King is taken, 210 1327 The Prince of Wales made King, 210 Murder of Edward, 211 BEGINNING OF HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR, AND CONSTITUTIONAL PROGRESS. EDWARD III. 1327-1377. 1327 Measures of reform, 214 Mortimer’s misgovernment, 214 Fruitless campaign against Scotland, 214 Opposition to Mortimer, 214 1330 Conspiracy and death of Kent, 215 [xxv] [xxvi]