5th FORUM ON NEW MATERIALS PART C 5th FORUM ON NEW MATERIALS Proceedings of the 5th Forum on New Materials, part of CIMTEC 2010-12 th International Ceramics Congress and 5th Forum on New Materials Montecatini Terme, Italy, June 13-18, 2010 PART C including: Symposium FE – Advances in Materials and Technologies for Efficient Direct Thermal-to-Electrical Energy Conversion Symposium FG – Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conversion: Materials and Technology Challenges Symposium FH – Concentrating Solar Technologies: Materials and Technology Solutions for CPV and CSP Competitiveness Edited by Pietro VINCENZINI World Academy of Ceramics and National Research Council, Italy Co-edited by Kunihito KOUMOTO, Nagoya University, Japan Nicola ROMEO, University of Parma, Italy Mark MEHOS, NREL, USA TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD Switzerland • UK • USA on behalf of TECHNA GROUP Faenza • Italy Copyright  2010 Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd., on behalf of Techna Group Srl, Italy All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Publisher. No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Trans Tech Publications Ltd Laubisrutistr. 24 CH-8712 Stafa-Zuerich Switzerland http://www.ttp.net EAN: 9783908158417 Volume 74 of Advances in Science and Technology ISSN 1661-819X Full text available online at http://www.scientific.net The listing of the other Volumes (1-61) of the Series "Advances in Science and Technology" are available at TECHNA GROUP website: http://www.technagroup.it Distributed worldwide by and in the Americas by Trans Tech Publications Ltd Trans Tech Publications Inc. Laubisrutistr. 24 PO Box 699, May Street CH-8712 Stafa-Zuerich Enfield, NH 03748 Switzerland USA Phone: +1 (603) 632-7377 Fax: +41 (44) 922 10 33 Fax: +1 (603) 632-5611 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] PREFACE CIMTEC 2010 was held in Montecatini Terme, Italy on June 6-18, 2010. This high qualitative and comprehensive congressional event, similarly to the previous editions, has been designed to encompass and derive synergism from a broad interdisciplinarity network capable of offering opportunities for identifying and exploring new directions for research and production. The above based on the view that ongoing and future innovations require at an ever increasing extent a complex array of interconnections among scientific research, innovating technology and industrial infrastructure. CIMTEC 2010 consisted of two major events: the 12th INTERNATIONAL CERAMICS CONGRESS (June 6- 11, 2010) and the 5th FORUM ON NEW MATERIALS (June 13-18, 2010). The World Academy of Ceramics and the International Ceramic Federation (ICF) acted as principal endorsers for the first one, and the International Union of Materials Research Societies (IUMRS) for the FORUM. The 12th INTERNATIONAL CERAMICS CONGRESS included 12 International Symposia, two Focused Sessions and two Serial International Conferences (“Disclosing Materials at Nanoscale” and “Advanced Inorganic Fibre Composites for Structural and Thermal Management Applications”) which covered recent progress in almost all relevant fields of ceramics science and technology. The 5th FORUM ON NEW MATERIALS consisted of 11 International Symposia primarily concerned with energy technologies, one Focused Session and two Serial International Conferences (“Science and Engineering of Novel Superconductors” and “Medical Applications of Novel Biomaterials and Nano-biotechnology”). A balanced, high quality programme of invited and contributed papers resulted from the over one thousand and seven hundred scientific and technical contributions effectively presented during the working days to a large international audience coming from fifty-seven countries throughout the world. The 15 volumes which constitute the Official Proceedings of CIMTEC 2010 (10 for the Ceramics Congress, 5 for the Forum) include a selection of the papers presented. Having most of them been written by authors whose mother tongue is not English, considerable revision of the original texts was often required. The partial reworking of several papers and sometimes even complete rewriting was needed to make clear work valid as regards the technical content but difficult to understand because of lack of proficiency in the English language. Even so, in order to allow the scientific and technical community to have access to the proceedings volumes within a reasonable length of time, compromise was necessary in regard to the quality of writing, and papers containing language imperfections were considered acceptable provided that their technical content was adequate and easily understandable. The Editor, who also acted as the Chairman of CIMTEC 2010, would like to express his sincere appreciation to all the Institutions and Professional Organizations involved in the congress, to the members of the International Advisory Committees, the National Coordinating Committees, the Co-Chairs Prof. Akio Makishima (Japan) for the INTERNATIONAL CERAMICS CONGRESS and Prof. Robert P.H. Chang (USA) for the FORUM ON NEW MATERIALS, the Programme Chairs, the Lecturers, the technical staff of Techna Group, and to the many others who directly or indirectly contributed to the organization. Indeed it was mainly through the involvement of the above bodies and individuals, and the active participation of most internationally qualified experts from major academic and government research institutes and industrial R&D centers that a very valuable scientific programme could be arranged. It is therefore expected for the Proceedings of CIMTEC 2010-12th INTERNATIONAL CERAMICS CONGRESS & 5th FORUM ON NEW MATERIALS to constitute a further valuable contribution to the literature in the field. P. VINCENZINI World Academy of Ceramics Emeritus Research Manager National Research Council of Italy th 5 FORUM ON NEW MATERIALS Chairman Pietro VINCENZINI, Italy Co-Chair Robert P.H. CHANG, USA Symposium FE – Advances in Materials and Technologies for Efficient Direct Thermal-to-electrical Energy Conversion Programme Chair and Co-Chair Kunihito KOUMOTO, Japan Co-Chairs David Michael ROWE, UK Ali SHAKOURI, USA Members Lukian Ivanovich Anatychuk, Ukraine Viatcheslav Andreev, Russia Hiroaki Anno, Japan Theodorian Borca-Tasciuc, USA Harald Böttner, Germany Thierry Caillat, USA S.K. Chou, Singapore Ryoji Funahashi, Japan David C. Johnson, USA Tsuyoshi Kajitani, Japan Mercouri Kanatzidis, USA Holger Kleinke, Canada Heiner Linke, USA Antoine Maignan, France Mamoun Muhammed, Sweden Eckhard Müller, Germany George S. Nolas, USA Michitaka Ohtaki, Japan Peter Franz Rogl, Austria Brian C. Sales, USA Hubert Scherrer, France Ryosuke Suzuki, Japan Ichiro Terasaki, Japan Janusz Tobola, Poland Terry M. Tritt, USA Ctirad Uher, USA Rama Venkatasubramanian, USA Anke Weidenkaff, Switzerland Krzysztof T. Wojciechowski, Poland Jihui Yang, USA Veljko Zlatic, Croatia Symposium FG – Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conversion: Materials and Technology Challenges Programme Chair Nicola ROMEO, Italy Co-Chairs Paul DASTOOR, Australia Michael GRÄTZEL, Switzerland Lawrence L. KAZMERSKI, USA Makoto KONAGAI, Japan Members Timothy J. Anderson, USA Harry A. Atwater, USA Guillermo Carlos Bazan, USA Carlo Alberto Bignozzi, Italy David Carlson, USA Richard Corkish, Australia Silvia Destri, Italy Bernhard Dimmler, Germany Ken Durose, UK Chris Ferekides, USA Carlo Flores, Italy Alex Freundlich, USA Stefan W. Glunz, Germany Huey-Liang Hwang, Taiwan Ghassan E. Jabbour, USA Ladislav Kavan, Czech Republic Valdotas Kazukauskas, Lithuania Dong-Hwan Kim, Korea Kwanghee Lee, Korea Antonio Luque, Spain Tom Markvart, UK Qingbo Meng, P.R. China Steven A. Ringel, USA Francesco Roca, Italy Hans-Werner Schock, Germany Ruud E.I. Schropp, The Netherlands Carole Sentein, France Wim Sinke, The Netherlands Jinsoo Song, Korea Hideki Sugihara, Japan Sam-Shajing Sun, USA Ayodhya Tiwari, Switzerland Marko Topic, Slovenia Takahiro Wada, Japan Wenjing Wang, P.R. China Tadeusz Zdanowicz, Poland Yuwen Zhao, P.R. China Symposium FH – Concentrating Solar Technologies: Materials and Technology Solutions for CPV and CSP Competitiveness Programme Chair and Co-Chair Mark MEHOS, USA Co-Chairs Viatcheslav ANDREEV, Russia Antonio LUQUE, Spain Robert PITZ-PAAL, Germany Members Atsuki Akisawa, Japan Kenji Araki, Japan Santanu Bandyopadhyay, India Vittorio Brignoli, Italy Bruno D’Aguanno, Italy Alain Dollet, France N.J. Ekins-Daukes, UK Giuseppe Gabetta, Italy Henner Gladen, Germany Giorgio Graditi, Italy Andreas Haeberle, Germany Andreas Hauer, Germany Jorge M. Huacuz Villamar, Mexico Jacob Karni, Israel Sivanappan Kumar, Thailand Cherng-Tsong Kuo, Taiwan Sarah R. Kurtz, USA Giuliano Martinelli, Italy Diego Martinez, Spain Anton Meier, Switzerland Leonardo Merlo, Italy David R. Mills, USA Hans-Dieter Mohring, Germany Werner Platzer, Germany Xavier Py, France Volker Quaschning, Germany Carlos Ramos, Mexico K. Srinivas Reddy, India Valery D. Rumyantsev, Russia Franziska Scheffler, Germany S.A. Sherif, USA Robert Soler, France Pascal Stouffs, France Martha Symko-Davies, USA Rainer Tamme, Germany Bernard Thonon, France Gianluca Timò, Italy Bae-Heng Tseng, Taiwan Wim Van Helden, The Netherlands Mauro Vignolini, Italy Zhifeng Wang, P.R. China Roland Winston, USA Dong Zhang, P.R. China Table of Contents Preface Committees SECTION I – MATERIALS FOR DIRECT THERMAL-TO- ELECTRICAL ENERGY CONVERSION Multi-Layered Thermoelectric Power Generator R.O. Suzuki 1 Theoretical Performance Characteristics of Wearable Thermoelectric Generators V. Leonov 9 Study and Design for High Thermoelectric Properties for Ag Te Tl Compound with First x y z Principle Band Calculation H. Funashima and N. Hamada 15 Effect of Cobalt-Substitution on the Structure and Thermoelectric Properties of Chimney- Ladder Solid Solution (Mn Co )Si (γ~ 1.7) 1-x x γ Y. Miyazaki, Y. Saito, K. Hayashi, K. Yubuta and T. Kajitani 22 Effect of Strontium and Europium Substitutions on Thermoelectric Properties in Silicon- Based Clathrate Compounds H. Anno, T. Nakabayashi and M. Hokazono 26 Thermoelectric Properties of the Heavy Element Doped Heusler Fe VAl Alloy Prepared by 2 Powder Metallurgy Technique M. Mikami, K. Kobayashi and S. Tanaka 32 The Evaluation of TiTe as a Diffusion Barrier in the Formation of Low Thermal 2 Conductivity Nanolaminates with Bi Te and Sb Te 2 3 2 3 C. Mortensen, P. Zschack and D.C. Johnson 38 Structural Characterization of Nano-Crystalline Mg Si Prepared by Ball Milling 2 M. Ioannou, E. Hatzikraniotis, C.B. Lioutas, K.M. Paraskevopoulos and T. Kyratsi 48 High-Temperature Transport Properties of Indium Added Cobalt-Antimonide Based Skutterudites Processed by Current Assisted Short-Term Sintering A. Sesselmann, R. Hassdorf, S. Zastrow and E. Müller 54 Raman Spectroscopy Study on Na Mn Fe O Oxides 2/3 1-x x 2 M. Sendova-Vassileva, R. Stoyanova, D. Carlier, M. Yoncheva, E. Zhecheva and C. Delmas 60 Thermoelectric Iron Oxides T. Kajitani, T. Nozaki and K. Hayashi 66 Thermoelectric Generating Properties of Perovskite Like Materials H. Kohri, M. Kato, I.J. Ohsugi and I. Shiota 72 Improved Thermoelectrics Based on Bismuth and Antimony Chalcogenides for Temperatures below 240 K L.N. Lukyanova, V.A. Kutasov, P.P. Konstantinov and V.V. Popov 77 Thermoelectric Application for Power Generation in Japan T. Kajikawa 83 Modular Combustor-Radiator for Micro-TPV System Application S.K. Chou, W.M. Yang and J. Li 93 SECTION II – MATERIALS FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR ENERGY CONVERSION II-1 Crystalline Cells and Thin Film Photovoltaics Ultrapurification of Silicon for Photovoltaic Applications C. del Cañizo, G. del Coso and A. Luque 99 P and Al Diffusion Process for Thin Si Wafers Studied by SEM and EDX E. Ochoa-Martínez, A. Merchan, R. Romero, M. Gabas, L. Martínez, F. Martín, D. Leinen and J.R. Ramos-Barrado 107 b 5th FORUM ON NEW MATERIALS PART C Adhesion and Barrier Properties Analysis of Silica-Like Thin Layer on Polyethylene Naphthalate Substrates for Thin Film Solar Cells M.L. Addonizio and L. Fusco 113 Investigation of Thin Film Solar Cells on CdS/CdTe Base with Different Back Contacts G. Khrypunov, A. Meriuts, H. Klochko, T. Shelest and A. Khrypunova 119 17.0% Aperture Area Module Efficiency Using Large mc-Si Metal-Wrap-Through Cells A.W. Weeber, I.J. Bennett, C. Tjengdrawira, M.W.P.E. Lamers, A.A. Mewe, I.G. Romijn and P.C. de Jong 124 Design Analysis of a-Si/c-Si HIT Solar Cells M. Nawaz 131 Quantum Size Effects in a Si:H Films Prepared by PECVD with Different Hydrogen- Diluted Silane L. Prušaková, V. Vavruňková, M. Netrvalová, J. Müllerová and P. Šutta 137 II-2 Emerging and New Generation Solar Cells Intermediate Band Solar Cells A. Martí and A. Luque 143 Active Materials Based on Implanted Si for Obtaining Intermediate Band Solar Cells K. Sánchez, I. Aguilera, P. Palacios and P. Wahnón 151 Tandem Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Consisting of Floating Electrode Supported by Non- Conductive Glass Mesh K. Uzaki, S.S. Pandey, Y. Ogomi and S. Hayase 157 The Influence of the Fullerene on the Optical Constants of the Photoactive Blend Film of a Polymer Solar Cell P. Morvillo, E. Bobeico and S. Esposito 164 The Suitability of Organic Solar Cells for Different Indoor Conditions B. Minnaert and P. Veelaert 170 Optimizing Quantum Dot Solar Concentrators with Thin Film Solar Cells W.G.J.H.M. van Sark, C. De Mello Donegá and R.E.I. Schropp 176 Thin-Film Silicon Solar Cells Using Back Reflector with Embedded Metal Nanoparticles R.R. Liang, R. Santbergen and M. Zeman 182 SECTION III – MATERIALS FOR CONCENTRATING SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES III-1 CPV Materials and Technologies Improved Concentration Capabilities of Flat-Plate Fresnel Lenses M.Z. Shvarts and A.A. Soluyanov 188 Optical Methods for Indoor Characterization of Small-Size Solar Concentrators Prototypes A. Parretta, A. Antonini, M.A. Butturi, E. Milan, P. Di Benedetto, D. Uderzo and P. Zurru 196 Assessment of a Phase Change Material (PCM) System for Moderating Temperature Rise of Solar Cells under Concentrated Sunlight E. Casenove, L. Pujol, A. Vossier, A. Perona, V. Goetz and A. Dollet 205 CPV Modules Based on Lens Panels V.D. Rumyantsev, Y.V. Ashcheulov, N.Y. Davidyuk, E.A. Ionova, P.V. Pokrovskiy, N.A. Sadchikov and V.M. Andreev 211 Solar Divergence Collimators for Collector Tests E. Sani, P. Sansoni, D. Fontani, F. Francini, L. Mercatelli and D. Jafrancesco 219 Improvement of Radiation Resistance of Multijunction GaInP/Ga(In)As/Ge Solar Cells with Application of Bragg Reflectors V.M. Lantratov, V.M. Emelyanov, N.A. Kalyuzhnyy, S.A. Mintairov and M.Z. Shvarts 225 AlGaAs/GaAs Photovoltaic Cells with InGaAs Quantum Dots V.M. Lantratov, S.A. Mintairov, S.A. Blokhin, N.A. Kalyuzhnyy, N.N. Ledentsov, M.V. Maximov, A.M. Nadtochiy, A.S. Pauysov, A.V. Sakharov and M.Z. Shvarts 231 III-2 CSP Materials and Technologies Pietro VINCENZINI, Kunihito KOUMOTO, Nicola ROMEO and Mark MEHOS c Material and Design Requirements for Advanced Concentrators R. Pitz-Paal and E. Lüpfert 237 New Method to Characterize Phase Change Materials E. Palomo Del Barrio and J.L. Dauvergne 243 Solar-Thermal Energy Conversion and Storage: Conductive Heat Transfer Using Self- Assembled Bulk Graphite C.C. Sorrell, T.C. Palmer, L.J. Bowen and A. Nakaruk 253 PCM-Graphite Latent Heat Storage Systems for Industrial Process Heat Recovery R. Schmitt, O. Öttinger, W.D. Steinmann and M. Johnson 259 Test Facility for Absorber Specimens of Solar Tower Power Plants K. Geimer, M. Sauerborn, B. Hoffschmidt, M. Schmitz and J. Göttsche 266 Overview of PCMs for Concentrated Solar Power in the Temperature Range 200 to 350°C T. Bauer, D. Laing and R. Tamme 272 III-3 CPV and CSP Application Building Integration Solutions for CPV D. Chemisana Villegas 278 On-Sun Performance of FLATCON® CPV Systems A. Gombert, I. Heile, J. Wüllner, T. Gerstmaier, S. van Riesen, E. Gerster and M. Röttger 288 A CPV System Based on NIR Reflecting Lamellae Integrated into a Greenhouse: Optimizing of Optics P. Sonneveld and G.J. Swinkels 297 Solar Thermochemical Production of Fuels A. Meier and A. Steinfeld 303 Optical and Thermal Characterization of Solar Receivers for Parabolic Trough Collectors M. Sanchez, E. Mateu, D. Perez, P. García, F. Villuendas, C. Heras and R. Alonso 313